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docs/phonemes.md: restructure the place of articulation features.

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Reece H. Dunn 8 years ago
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@@ -99,6 +99,63 @@ features:
| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |

## Place of Articulation

The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and
one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The
possible places of articulation are:

| Place of Articulation | Feature | Active | Lips | Teeth | Passive |
|-----------------------|-----------|--------|-------|---------|---------|
| bilabial | `blb` | `lbl` | `ulp` | | |
| linguolabial | `lgl` | `lmn` | `ulp` | | |
| labiodental | `lbd` | `lbl` | | `utt` | |
| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | |
| interdental | `idt` | `lmn` | | `utt` | |
| dental | `dnt` | `apc` | | `utt` | |
| denti-alveolar | `dta` | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` |
| alveolar | `alv` | `lmn` | | | `alf` |
| apico-alveolar | `apa` | `apc` | | | `alf` |
| palato-alveolar | `pla` | `lmn` | | | `alb` |
| apical retroflex | `arf` | `sac` | | | `alb` |
| retroflex | `rfx` | `apc` | | | `hpl` |
| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | `dsl` | | | `alb` |
| palatal | `pal` | `dsl` | | | `hpl` |
| velar | `vel` | `dsl` | | | `spl` |
| labio-velar | `lbv` | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` |
| uvular | `uvl` | `dsl` | | | `uvu` |
| pharyngeal | `phr` | `rdl` | | | `prx` |
| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | `lyx` | | | `prx` |
| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | `lyx` | | | `egs` |
| glottal | `glt` | `lyx` | | | `gts` |

### Active Articulators

| Feature | Name | Articulator |
|---------|-----------|-------------------------|
| `lbl` | labial | lower lip |
| `lmn` | laminal | tongue blade |
| `apc` | apical | tongue tip |
| `sac` | subapical | underside of the tongue |
| `dsl` | dorsal | tongue body |
| `rdl` | radical | tongue root |
| `lyx` | laryngeal | larynx |

### Passive Articulators

| Feature | Articulator |
|---------|------------------------|
| `ulp` | upper lip |
| `utt` | upper teeth |
| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) |
| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) |
| `hpl` | hard palate |
| `spl` | soft palate (velum) |
| `uvu` | uvular |
| `prx` | pharynx |
| `egs` | epiglottis |
| `gts` | glottis |

## Phonation

The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.
@@ -136,6 +193,21 @@ The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) a
[International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

5. <a name="ref7"></a> Wikipedia.
5. <a name="ref5"></a> Dunn, R. H.,
[Cainteoir Text-to-Speech Phoneme Features](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rhdunn/cainteoir-engine/master/src/libcainteoir/phoneme/phoneme.cpp). 2013-2015.

6. <a name="ref6"></a> Wikipedia.
[Voiced glottal fricative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

7. <a name="ref7"></a> Wikipedia.
[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

8. <a name="ref8"></a> Wikipedia.
[Fortis and lenis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

9. <a name="ref9"></a> Wikipedia.
[Place of articulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

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docs/phonemes.md View File

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Gemination](#gemination)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Voice](#voice)
- [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
@@ -11,9 +12,6 @@
- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Features](#features)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators)
- [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators)
- [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization)
- [Vowel Height](#vowel-height)
- [Vowel Backness](#vowel-backness)
@@ -424,6 +422,30 @@ features:
| `lat` | lateral |
| `sib` | sibilant |

### Place of Articulation

| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------------|
| `blb` | bilabial |
| `lbd` | labiodental |
| `bld` | bilabial-labiodental |
| `dnt` | dental |
| `alv` | alveolar |
| `pla` | palato-alveolar |
| `rfx` | retroflex |
| `alp` | alveolo-palatal |
| `pal` | palatal |
| `vel` | velar |
| `lbv` | labio-velar |
| `uvl` | uvular |
| `phr` | pharyngeal |
| `glt` | glottal |

The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant.

__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.

### Voice

@@ -498,6 +520,7 @@ above table.
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
| | ◌̪ | dental |
| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |
@@ -539,79 +562,6 @@ equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.

## Features

### Place of Articulation

The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and
one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The
possible places of articulation are:

| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Teeth | Passive |
|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|---------|
| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | |
| linguolabial | `lgl` | ◌̼ | `lmn` | `ulp` | | |
| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | |
| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | |
| interdental | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | `lmn` | | `utt` | |
| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | |
| denti-alveolar | `dta` | | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` |
| alveolar | `alv` | | `lmn` | | | `alf` |
| apico-alveolar | `apa` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `alf` |
| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | | `alb` |
| apical retroflex | `arf` | | `sac` | | | `alb` |
| retroflex | `rfx` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `hpl` |
| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | | `alb` |
| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | | `hpl` |
| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | | `spl` |
| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` |
| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | | `uvu` |
| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | | `prx` |
| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | | `lyx` | | | `prx` |
| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | | `lyx` | | | `egs` |
| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | | `gts` |

The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and
to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and
passive articulators are used.

The ◌̪ diacritic is `lbd` when used on `blb` consonants, and `dnt` when used on
`alv` consonants.

The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant.

The `alv` consonant is `lmn` as found in French and Spanish, while `apa` is
`apc` as found in English, as such ◌̻ (*laminal*) is not needed.

__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.

#### Active Articulators

| Feature | Name | Articulator |
|---------|-----------|-------------------------|
| `lbl` | labial | lower lip |
| `lmn` | laminal | tongue blade |
| `apc` | apical | tongue tip |
| `sac` | subapical | underside of the tongue |
| `dsl` | dorsal | tongue body |
| `rdl` | radical | tongue root |
| `lyx` | laryngeal | larynx |

#### Passive Articulators

| Feature | Articulator |
|---------|------------------------|
| `ulp` | upper lip |
| `utt` | upper teeth |
| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) |
| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) |
| `hpl` | hard palate |
| `spl` | soft palate (velum) |
| `uvu` | uvular |
| `prx` | pharynx |
| `egs` | epiglottis |
| `gts` | glottis |

### Rounding and Labialization

| Feature | Symbol | Name | Rounded | Position |

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