Browse Source

docs/phonemes.md: restructure the place of articulation features.

master
Reece H. Dunn 8 years ago
parent
commit
7a707072de
2 changed files with 99 additions and 77 deletions
  1. 73
    1
      docs/phoneme_model.md
  2. 26
    76
      docs/phonemes.md

+ 73
- 1
docs/phoneme_model.md View File

| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. | | `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. | | `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |


## Place of Articulation

The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and
one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The
possible places of articulation are:

| Place of Articulation | Feature | Active | Lips | Teeth | Passive |
|-----------------------|-----------|--------|-------|---------|---------|
| bilabial | `blb` | `lbl` | `ulp` | | |
| linguolabial | `lgl` | `lmn` | `ulp` | | |
| labiodental | `lbd` | `lbl` | | `utt` | |
| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | |
| interdental | `idt` | `lmn` | | `utt` | |
| dental | `dnt` | `apc` | | `utt` | |
| denti-alveolar | `dta` | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` |
| alveolar | `alv` | `lmn` | | | `alf` |
| apico-alveolar | `apa` | `apc` | | | `alf` |
| palato-alveolar | `pla` | `lmn` | | | `alb` |
| apical retroflex | `arf` | `sac` | | | `alb` |
| retroflex | `rfx` | `apc` | | | `hpl` |
| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | `dsl` | | | `alb` |
| palatal | `pal` | `dsl` | | | `hpl` |
| velar | `vel` | `dsl` | | | `spl` |
| labio-velar | `lbv` | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` |
| uvular | `uvl` | `dsl` | | | `uvu` |
| pharyngeal | `phr` | `rdl` | | | `prx` |
| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | `lyx` | | | `prx` |
| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | `lyx` | | | `egs` |
| glottal | `glt` | `lyx` | | | `gts` |

### Active Articulators

| Feature | Name | Articulator |
|---------|-----------|-------------------------|
| `lbl` | labial | lower lip |
| `lmn` | laminal | tongue blade |
| `apc` | apical | tongue tip |
| `sac` | subapical | underside of the tongue |
| `dsl` | dorsal | tongue body |
| `rdl` | radical | tongue root |
| `lyx` | laryngeal | larynx |

### Passive Articulators

| Feature | Articulator |
|---------|------------------------|
| `ulp` | upper lip |
| `utt` | upper teeth |
| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) |
| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) |
| `hpl` | hard palate |
| `spl` | soft palate (velum) |
| `uvu` | uvular |
| `prx` | pharynx |
| `egs` | epiglottis |
| `gts` | glottis |

## Phonation ## Phonation


The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.
[International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017. [International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).


5. <a name="ref7"></a> Wikipedia. 5. <a name="ref5"></a> Dunn, R. H.,
[Cainteoir Text-to-Speech Phoneme Features](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rhdunn/cainteoir-engine/master/src/libcainteoir/phoneme/phoneme.cpp). 2013-2015.

6. <a name="ref6"></a> Wikipedia.
[Voiced glottal fricative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

7. <a name="ref7"></a> Wikipedia.
[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017, [Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

8. <a name="ref8"></a> Wikipedia.
[Fortis and lenis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

9. <a name="ref9"></a> Wikipedia.
[Place of articulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

+ 26
- 76
docs/phonemes.md View File

- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Gemination](#gemination) - [Gemination](#gemination)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Voice](#voice) - [Voice](#voice)
- [Vowels](#vowels) - [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Diacritics](#diacritics) - [Diacritics](#diacritics)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow) - [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Phonation](#phonation) - [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Features](#features) - [Features](#features)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators)
- [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators)
- [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization)
- [Vowel Height](#vowel-height) - [Vowel Height](#vowel-height)
- [Vowel Backness](#vowel-backness) - [Vowel Backness](#vowel-backness)
| `lat` | lateral | | `lat` | lateral |
| `sib` | sibilant | | `sib` | sibilant |


### Place of Articulation

| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------------|
| `blb` | bilabial |
| `lbd` | labiodental |
| `bld` | bilabial-labiodental |
| `dnt` | dental |
| `alv` | alveolar |
| `pla` | palato-alveolar |
| `rfx` | retroflex |
| `alp` | alveolo-palatal |
| `pal` | palatal |
| `vel` | velar |
| `lbv` | labio-velar |
| `uvl` | uvular |
| `phr` | pharyngeal |
| `glt` | glottal |

The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant.

__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.


### Voice ### Voice


| Feature | Symbol | Name | | Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------| |---------|--------|-----------------|
| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial | | `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
| | ◌̪ | dental | | | ◌̪ | dental |
| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical | | `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal | | `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |


## Features ## Features


### Place of Articulation

The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and
one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The
possible places of articulation are:

| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Teeth | Passive |
|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|---------|
| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | |
| linguolabial | `lgl` | ◌̼ | `lmn` | `ulp` | | |
| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | |
| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | |
| interdental | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | `lmn` | | `utt` | |
| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | |
| denti-alveolar | `dta` | | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` |
| alveolar | `alv` | | `lmn` | | | `alf` |
| apico-alveolar | `apa` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `alf` |
| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | | `alb` |
| apical retroflex | `arf` | | `sac` | | | `alb` |
| retroflex | `rfx` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `hpl` |
| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | | `alb` |
| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | | `hpl` |
| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | | `spl` |
| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` |
| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | | `uvu` |
| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | | `prx` |
| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | | `lyx` | | | `prx` |
| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | | `lyx` | | | `egs` |
| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | | `gts` |

The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and
to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and
passive articulators are used.

The ◌̪ diacritic is `lbd` when used on `blb` consonants, and `dnt` when used on
`alv` consonants.

The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant.

The `alv` consonant is `lmn` as found in French and Spanish, while `apa` is
`apc` as found in English, as such ◌̻ (*laminal*) is not needed.

__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.

#### Active Articulators

| Feature | Name | Articulator |
|---------|-----------|-------------------------|
| `lbl` | labial | lower lip |
| `lmn` | laminal | tongue blade |
| `apc` | apical | tongue tip |
| `sac` | subapical | underside of the tongue |
| `dsl` | dorsal | tongue body |
| `rdl` | radical | tongue root |
| `lyx` | laryngeal | larynx |

#### Passive Articulators

| Feature | Articulator |
|---------|------------------------|
| `ulp` | upper lip |
| `utt` | upper teeth |
| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) |
| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) |
| `hpl` | hard palate |
| `spl` | soft palate (velum) |
| `uvu` | uvular |
| `prx` | pharynx |
| `egs` | epiglottis |
| `gts` | glottis |

### Rounding and Labialization ### Rounding and Labialization


| Feature | Symbol | Name | Rounded | Position | | Feature | Symbol | Name | Rounded | Position |

Loading…
Cancel
Save