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@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ |
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) |
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- [Gemination](#gemination) |
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- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) |
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- [Voice](#voice) |
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- [Vowels](#vowels) |
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- [Diacritics](#diacritics) |
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- [Articulation](#articulation) |
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- [Air Flow](#air-flow) |
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- [Features](#features) |
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- [Phonation](#phonation) |
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- [Features](#features) |
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- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) |
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- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators) |
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- [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators) |
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@@ -361,24 +362,24 @@ the two. |
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</tr> |
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</table> |
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Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonation. |
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Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. |
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### Other Symbols |
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| Symbol | Alternative | Features | |
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|--------|-------------|-------------------------| |
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| ʍ | ɰ̊ʷ | `vls` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | |
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| w | ɰʷ | `mdv` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | |
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| ɥ | jʷ | `mdv` `pal` `ptr` `apr` | |
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| w | ɰʷ | `vcd` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | |
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| ɥ | jʷ | `vcd` `pal` `ptr` `apr` | |
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| ɧ | | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | |
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| ɫ | | `mdv` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | |
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| ɫ | | `vcd` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | |
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| ɚ | | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | |
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| ɝ | | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | |
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| k͡p | | `vls` `lbv` `stp` | |
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| ɡ͡b | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | |
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| ŋ͡m | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | |
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| ɡ͡b | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` | |
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| ŋ͡m | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` | |
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| p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` | |
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| b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` | |
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| b͡v | | `vcd` `bld` `afr` | |
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### Gemination |
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@@ -423,6 +424,14 @@ features: |
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| `lat` | lateral | |
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| `sib` | sibilant | |
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### Voice |
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| Feature | Name | |
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|---------|-----------| |
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| `vls` | voiceless | |
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| `vcd` | voiced | |
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## Vowels |
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<table> |
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@@ -514,26 +523,22 @@ The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]< |
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They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA |
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phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). |
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## Features |
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### Phonation |
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The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | Description | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
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| `vls` | | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. | |
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| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. | |
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| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. | |
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| `mdv` | | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. | |
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| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. | |
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| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. | |
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| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. | |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------| |
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| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | |
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| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | |
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| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | |
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| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | |
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| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | |
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The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant |
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charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `mdv` consonant that does not have an |
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charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an |
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equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. |
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## Features |
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### Place of Articulation |
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The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and |