| ### Fortis and Lenis | ### Fortis and Lenis | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | |||||
| | `fts` | | ◌͈ | fortis | | |||||
| | `lns` | | ◌͉ | lenis | | |||||
| | Feature |Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------|--------| | |||||
| | `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis | | |||||
| | `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis | | |||||
| The extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup> ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics | The extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup> ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics | ||||
| are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than | are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than | ||||
| #### Stress | #### Stress | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----|------------------| | |||||
| | `st1` | | ˈ◌ | primary stress | | |||||
| | `st2` | | ˌ◌ | secondary stress | | |||||
| | `st3` | | ˈˈ◌ | extra stress | | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|--------|------------------| | |||||
| | `st1` | ˈ◌ | primary stress | | |||||
| | `st2` | ˌ◌ | secondary stress | | |||||
| | `st3` | ˈˈ◌ | extra stress | | |||||
| #### Length | #### Length | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | |||||
| | `est` | | ◌̆ | extra short | | |||||
| | `hlg` | | ◌ˑ | half-long | | |||||
| | `lng` | `lng` | ◌ː | long | | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|--------|-----------------| | |||||
| | `est` | ◌̆ | extra short | | |||||
| | `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long | | |||||
| | `lng` | ◌ː | long | | |||||
| #### Rhythm | #### Rhythm | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-------------------| | |||||
| | `sbr` | | ◌.◌ | syllable break | | |||||
| | `lnk` | | ◌‿◌ | linked (no break) | | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|--------|-------------------| | |||||
| | `sbr` | ◌.◌ | syllable break | | |||||
| | `lnk` | ◌‿◌ | linked (no break) | | |||||
| #### Intonation | #### Intonation | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|--------|--------------------------| | |||||
| | `fbr` | | | | minor (foot) break | | |||||
| | `ibr` | | ‖ | major (intonation) break | | |||||
| | `glr` | | ↗ | global rise | | |||||
| | `glf` | | ↘ | global fall | | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|--------|--------------------------| | |||||
| | `fbr` | | | minor (foot) break | | |||||
| | `ibr` | ‖ | major (intonation) break | | |||||
| | `glr` | ↗ | global rise | | |||||
| | `glf` | ↘ | global fall | | |||||
| ### Tones | ### Tones | ||||
| | Tone | IPA | Start | Middle | End | | |||||
| |--------------------|-----|-------|--------|-------| | |||||
| | extra high (top) | ◌˥ | `ts5` | `tm5` | `te5` | | |||||
| | high | ◌˦ | `ts4` | `tm4` | `te4` | | |||||
| | mid | ◌˧ | `ts3` | `tm3` | `te3` | | |||||
| | low | ◌˨ | `ts2` | `tm2` | `te2` | | |||||
| | extra low (bottom) | ◌˩ | `ts1` | `tm1` | `te1` | | |||||
| | Tone | Symbol | Start | Middle | End | | |||||
| |--------------------|--------|-------|--------|-------| | |||||
| | extra high (top) | ◌˥ | `ts5` | `tm5` | `te5` | | |||||
| | high | ◌˦ | `ts4` | `tm4` | `te4` | | |||||
| | mid | ◌˧ | `ts3` | `tm3` | `te3` | | |||||
| | low | ◌˨ | `ts2` | `tm2` | `te2` | | |||||
| | extra low (bottom) | ◌˩ | `ts1` | `tm1` | `te1` | | |||||
| #### Tone Stepping | #### Tone Stepping | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-------------| | |||||
| | `dst` | | ꜛ◌ | downstep | | |||||
| | `ust` | | ꜜ◌ | upstep | | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|--------|-------------| | |||||
| | `dst` | ꜛ◌ | downstep | | |||||
| | `ust` | ꜜ◌ | upstep | | |||||
| ## References | ## References | ||||