| @@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. | |||
| | `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) | | |||
| | `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) | | |||
| | `hpl` | hard palate | | |||
| | `spl` | soft palate | | |||
| | `spl` | soft palate (velum) | | |||
| | `uvu` | uvular | | |||
| | `prx` | pharynx | | |||
| | `egs` | epiglottis | | |||
| @@ -683,6 +683,14 @@ labialization. Consonants are `unr` by default, and can use the ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ an | |||
| annotations to specify the type of labialization. Vowels can use these to | |||
| change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. | |||
| Additionally, the degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the | |||
| following features: | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||
| |---------|--------|--------------| | |||
| | `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded | | |||
| | `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded | | |||
| ### Vowel Height | |||
| | Feature | Name | | |||
| @@ -720,6 +728,24 @@ change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. | |||
| | `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | | |||
| | `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | | |||
| ### Co-articulation | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | Co-Articulator | Type | | |||
| |---------|--------|-----------------|----------------|-----------------------| | |||
| | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | `hpl` | Passive Articulator | | |||
| | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | `spl` | Passive Articulator | | |||
| | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | `prx` | Passive Articulator | | |||
| | `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | `nsl` | Target | | |||
| | `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | `rfx` | Place of Articulation | | |||
| Additionally, the tongue root position can be specified using the following | |||
| features: | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||
| |---------|--------|-----------------------| | |||
| | `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | | |||
| | `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | | |||
| ### Fortis and Lenis | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||
| @@ -736,26 +762,6 @@ Where fortis and lenis are used to contrast consonant durations (e.g. in | |||
| the Jawoyn, Ojibwe, and Zurich German languages<sup>\[<a href="#ref8">8</a>\]</sup>), | |||
| the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead. | |||
| ### Co-articulation | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | |||
| | `mrd` | | ◌̹ | more rounded | | |||
| | `lrd` | | ◌̜ | less rounded | | |||
| | `pzd` | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | | |||
| | `vzd` | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | | |||
| | `fzd` | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | | |||
| | `atr` | | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | | |||
| | `rtr` | | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | | |||
| | `nzd` | `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | | |||
| | `rzd` | `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | | |||
| __NOTE:__ The IPA supports ◌̴ for velarized or pharynealized consonants. Unicode | |||
| has deprecated this combining character, while keeping the combined forms. As | |||
| such, only the combined forms are supported, using the `fzd` feature. Cainteoir | |||
| Text-to-Speech uses `vfz` for this combining character, but eSpeak NG does not | |||
| preserve the distinction between ◌ˤ and ◌̴. | |||
| ### Suprasegmentals | |||
| #### Stress | |||