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@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. |
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| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) | |
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| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) | |
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| `hpl` | hard palate | |
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| `spl` | soft palate | |
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| `spl` | soft palate (velum) | |
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| `uvu` | uvular | |
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| `prx` | pharynx | |
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| `egs` | epiglottis | |
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@@ -683,6 +683,14 @@ labialization. Consonants are `unr` by default, and can use the ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ an |
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annotations to specify the type of labialization. Vowels can use these to |
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change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. |
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Additionally, the degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the |
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following features: |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|--------------| |
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| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded | |
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| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded | |
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### Vowel Height |
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| Feature | Name | |
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@@ -720,6 +728,24 @@ change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. |
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| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | |
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| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | |
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### Co-articulation |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | Co-Articulator | Type | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------|----------------|-----------------------| |
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| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | `hpl` | Passive Articulator | |
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| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | `spl` | Passive Articulator | |
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| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | `prx` | Passive Articulator | |
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| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | `nsl` | Target | |
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| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | `rfx` | Place of Articulation | |
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Additionally, the tongue root position can be specified using the following |
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features: |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------------| |
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| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | |
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| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | |
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### Fortis and Lenis |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | |
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@@ -736,26 +762,6 @@ Where fortis and lenis are used to contrast consonant durations (e.g. in |
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the Jawoyn, Ojibwe, and Zurich German languages<sup>\[<a href="#ref8">8</a>\]</sup>), |
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the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead. |
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### Co-articulation |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | |
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|---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| |
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| `mrd` | | ◌̹ | more rounded | |
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| `lrd` | | ◌̜ | less rounded | |
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| `pzd` | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | |
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| `vzd` | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | |
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| `fzd` | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | |
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| `atr` | | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | |
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| `rtr` | | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | |
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| `nzd` | `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | |
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| `rzd` | `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | |
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__NOTE:__ The IPA supports ◌̴ for velarized or pharynealized consonants. Unicode |
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has deprecated this combining character, while keeping the combined forms. As |
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such, only the combined forms are supported, using the `fzd` feature. Cainteoir |
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Text-to-Speech uses `vfz` for this combining character, but eSpeak NG does not |
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preserve the distinction between ◌ˤ and ◌̴. |
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### Suprasegmentals |
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#### Stress |