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# Phonemes |
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- [IPA Charts](#ipa-charts) |
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- [IPA Phonemes](#ipa-phonemes) |
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- [Consonants (Pulmonic)](#consonants-pulmonic) |
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- [Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)](#consonants-non-pulmonic) |
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) |
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- [Gemination](#gemination) |
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- [Vowels](#vowels) |
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- [Features](#features) |
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- [Air Flow](#air-flow) |
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@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ |
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- [Diacritics](#diacritics) |
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- [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) |
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- [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) |
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- [Gemination](#gemination) |
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- [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) |
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- [Articulation](#articulation) |
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- [Co-articulation](#co-articulation-1) |
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@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ article can be used as a starting point, as it links to topics and descriptions |
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of the various phonemes. |
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The diacritics and suprasegmental feature lists also show their corresponding |
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IPA symbol. This is to avoid duplicating the lists in the IPA chart and Feature |
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IPA symbol. This is to avoid duplicating the lists in the IPA Phonemes and Feature |
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sections. |
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## IPA Charts |
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## IPA Phonemes |
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## Consonants (Pulmonic) |
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@@ -409,6 +409,21 @@ Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonatio |
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| p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` | |
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| b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` | |
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##### Gemination |
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Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. |
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It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as |
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"lamppost" and "evenness". |
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Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. |
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The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) |
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when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. |
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The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, |
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with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a |
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geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the |
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mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. |
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### Vowels |
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<table> |
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@@ -657,21 +672,6 @@ __NOTE:__ `sib` is not used in the IPA charts. |
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__NOTE:__ The `nrs` and `lrs` features are not defined in Cainteoir Text-to-Speech. |
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##### Gemination |
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Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. |
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|
It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as |
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"lamppost" and "evenness". |
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Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. |
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The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) |
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when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. |
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The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, |
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with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a |
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geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the |
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mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. |
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#### Fortis and Lenis |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | |