Reece H. Dunn
8 years ago
1 changed files with 59 additions and 37 deletions
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docs/phonemes.md
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| @@ -8,15 +8,16 @@ | |||
| - [Vowels](#vowels) | |||
| - [Positioning Diacritics](#positioning-diacritics) | |||
| - [Features](#features) | |||
| - [Air Flow](#air-flow) | |||
| - [Initiator](#initiator) | |||
| - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) | |||
| - [Air Flow](#air-flow) | |||
| - [Initiator](#initiator) | |||
| - [Target](#target) | |||
| - [Manner](#manner) | |||
| - [Phonation](#phonation) | |||
| - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) | |||
| - [Active Articulators](#active-articulators) | |||
| - [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators) | |||
| - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) | |||
| - [Consonants](#consonants) | |||
| - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) | |||
| - [Vowels](#vowels-1) | |||
| - [Height](#height) | |||
| - [Backness](#backness) | |||
| @@ -503,18 +504,51 @@ diacritics. | |||
| ## Features | |||
| ### Air Flow | |||
| ### Manner of Articulation | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | Description | | |||
| |---------|--------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------| | |||
| | `egs` | ↑ | egressive | The air flow is moving outwards from the initiator. | | |||
| | `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | The air flow is moving inwards towards the initiator. | | |||
| The manner of articulation is described in terms of several distinct feature | |||
| types. The possible manners of articulation are: | |||
| | Manner of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Features | | |||
| |------------------------|-----------|--------|-----------------------| | |||
| | nasal | `nas` | | `pmc egs nsl occ` | | |||
| | plosive (stop) | `stp` | | `pmc egs orl occ` | | |||
| | affricate | `afr` | | `pmc egs orl occ frr` | | |||
| | fricative | `frc` | | `pmc egs orl frv` | | |||
| | tap/flap | `flp` | | `pmc egs orl fla` | | |||
| | trill | `trl` | | `pmc egs orl tri` | | |||
| | approximant | `apr` | | `pmc egs orl app` | | |||
| | click | `clk` | | `vlc igs orl` | | |||
| | ejective | `ejc` | | `vlc igs orl occ` | | |||
| | implosive | `imp` | ◌ʼ | `gtc igs` | | |||
| The features for these manners of articulation are provided for convenience, | |||
| and to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the | |||
| distinct feature types are used. | |||
| For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for | |||
| the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`. | |||
| Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following | |||
| features: | |||
| | Feature | Name | Description | | |||
| |---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------| | |||
| | `lat` | lateral | The air flow is directed along the sides of the tongue. | | |||
| | `sib` | sibilant | The air flow is directed through the teeth with the tongue. | | |||
| #### Air Flow | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | Description | | |||
| |---------|--------|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------| | |||
| | `egs` | ↑ | egressive | The air flow is moving outwards from the initiator to the target. | | |||
| | `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | The air flow is moving inwards from the target to the initiator. | | |||
| The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup>. | |||
| They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA | |||
| phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). | |||
| ### Initiator | |||
| #### Initiator | |||
| | Feature | Name | Description | | |||
| |---------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------| | |||
| @@ -523,7 +557,21 @@ phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). | |||
| | `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. | | |||
| | `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. | | |||
| #### Phonation | |||
| #### Target | |||
| | Feature | Name | Description | | |||
| |---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------| | |||
| | `nsl` | nasal | The air flows through the nose. | | |||
| | `orl` | oral | The air flows through the mouth. | | |||
| #### Manner | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | Description | | |||
| |---------|--------|------------|--------------------------------------------------| | |||
| | `occ` | | occlusive | The air flow is blocked within the vocal tract. | | |||
| | `frv` | | fricative | The air flow is constricted, causing turbulence. | | |||
| ### Phonation | |||
| The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. | |||
| @@ -628,32 +676,6 @@ labialization. Consonants are `unr` by default, and can use the ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ an | |||
| annotations to specify the type of labialization. Vowels can use these to | |||
| change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. | |||
| ### Consonants | |||
| #### Manner of Articulation | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----------------| | |||
| | `stp` | `stp` | plosive (stop) | | |||
| | `nas` | `nas` | nasal | | |||
| | `trl` | `trl` | trill | | |||
| | `flp` | `flp` | tap/flap | | |||
| | `afr` | `afr` | affricate | | |||
| | `frc` | `frc` | fricative | | |||
| | `apr` | `apr` | approximant | | |||
| | `clk` | `clk` | click | | |||
| | `ejc` | `ejc` | ejective | | |||
| | `imp` | `imp` | implosive | | |||
| The following features can be combined with other manners of articulation: | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----------------| | |||
| | `lat` | `lat` | lateral | | |||
| | `sib` | | sibilant | | |||
| __NOTE:__ `sib` is not used in the IPA charts. | |||
| ### Vowels | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||
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