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# Phonemes |
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- [Phoneme Type](#phoneme-type) |
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- [Consonants (Pulmonic)](#consonants-pulmonic) |
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- [Voicing](#voicing) |
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- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) |
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- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) |
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- [Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)](#consonants-non-pulmonic) |
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) |
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- [Vowels](#vowels) |
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- [Height](#height) |
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- [Backness](#backness) |
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- [Rounding](#rounding) |
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- [Additional Features](#additional-features) |
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- [Diacritics](#diacritics) |
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- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals) |
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- [Unused](#unused) |
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- [References](#references) |
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@@ -24,12 +25,6 @@ described as a sequence of features. |
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This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum. |
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## Phoneme Type |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------| |
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| `vwl` | `vwl` | vowel | |
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## Consonants (Pulmonic) |
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### Voicing |
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@@ -47,11 +42,10 @@ This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum. |
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| `lbd` | `lbd` | labio-dental | |
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| `dnt` | `dnt` | dental | |
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| `alv` | `alv` | alveolar | |
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| `pla` | `pla` | post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) | |
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| `rfx` | `rfx` | retroflex | |
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| `pla` | `pla` | palato-alveolar | |
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| `pal` | `pal` | palatal | |
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| `vel` | `vel` | velar | |
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| `lbv` | `lbv` | labio-velar | |
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| `uvl` | `uvl` | uvular | |
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| `phr` | `phr` | pharyngeal | |
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| `glt` | `glt` | glottal | |
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@@ -60,13 +54,13 @@ This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum. |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------| |
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| `stp` | `stp` | stop | |
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| `frc` | `frc` | fricative | |
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| `pls` | `stp` | plosive (stop) | |
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| `nas` | `nas` | nasal | |
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| `apr` | `apr` | approximant | |
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| `lat` | `lat` | lateral | |
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| `trl` | `trl` | trill | |
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| `flp` | `flp` | tap/flap | |
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| `frc` | `frc` | fricative | |
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| `apr` | `apr` | approximant | |
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| `lat` | `lat` | lateral | |
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## Consonants (Non-Pulmonic) |
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@@ -76,8 +70,18 @@ This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum. |
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| `ejc` | `ejc` | ejective | |
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| `imp` | `imp` | implosive | |
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## Other Symbols |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------| |
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| `lbv` | `lbv` | labial-velar | |
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## Vowels |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------| |
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| `vwl` | `vwl` | vowel | |
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### Height |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |
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@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum. |
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| `unr` | `unr` | unrounded | |
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| `rnd` | `rnd` | rounded | |
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## Additional Features |
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## Diacritics |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------| |
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@@ -112,7 +116,6 @@ This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum. |
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| `unx` | `unx` | unexploded | |
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| `syl` | `syl` | syllabic | |
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| `mrm` | `mrm` | murmured | |
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| `lng` | `lng` | long | |
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| `vzd` | `vzd` | velarized | |
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| `lzd` | `lzd` | labialized | |
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| `pzd` | `pzd` | palatalized | |
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@@ -120,6 +123,12 @@ This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum. |
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| `nzd` | `nzd` | nasalized | |
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| `fzd` | `fzd` | pharyngealized | |
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## Suprasegmentals |
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------| |
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| `lng` | `lng` | long | |
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## Unused |
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These are feature abbreviations specified by Evan Kirshenbaum in Appendix A of |
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@@ -137,3 +146,6 @@ his ASCII/IPA transcription, but are not used elsewhere. |
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2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan, |
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[http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf](Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII) (PDF). 2001. |
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3. <a name="ref3"></a> International Phonetic Association, |
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[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart](The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart). 2015. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). |