Reece H. Dunn
8 years ago
1 changed files with 27 additions and 21 deletions
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docs/phonemes.md
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| | `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) | | | `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) | | ||||
| | `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) | | | `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) | | ||||
| | `hpl` | hard palate | | | `hpl` | hard palate | | ||||
| | `spl` | soft palate | | |||||
| | `spl` | soft palate (velum) | | |||||
| | `uvu` | uvular | | | `uvu` | uvular | | ||||
| | `prx` | pharynx | | | `prx` | pharynx | | ||||
| | `egs` | epiglottis | | | `egs` | epiglottis | | ||||
| annotations to specify the type of labialization. Vowels can use these to | annotations to specify the type of labialization. Vowels can use these to | ||||
| change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. | change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. | ||||
| Additionally, the degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the | |||||
| following features: | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|--------|--------------| | |||||
| | `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded | | |||||
| | `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded | | |||||
| ### Vowel Height | ### Vowel Height | ||||
| | Feature | Name | | | Feature | Name | | ||||
| | `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | | | `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | | ||||
| | `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | | | `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | | ||||
| ### Co-articulation | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | Co-Articulator | Type | | |||||
| |---------|--------|-----------------|----------------|-----------------------| | |||||
| | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | `hpl` | Passive Articulator | | |||||
| | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | `spl` | Passive Articulator | | |||||
| | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | `prx` | Passive Articulator | | |||||
| | `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | `nsl` | Target | | |||||
| | `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | `rfx` | Place of Articulation | | |||||
| Additionally, the tongue root position can be specified using the following | |||||
| features: | |||||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | | |||||
| |---------|--------|-----------------------| | |||||
| | `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | | |||||
| | `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | | |||||
| ### Fortis and Lenis | ### Fortis and Lenis | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | ||||
| the Jawoyn, Ojibwe, and Zurich German languages<sup>\[<a href="#ref8">8</a>\]</sup>), | the Jawoyn, Ojibwe, and Zurich German languages<sup>\[<a href="#ref8">8</a>\]</sup>), | ||||
| the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead. | the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead. | ||||
| ### Co-articulation | |||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | |||||
| | `mrd` | | ◌̹ | more rounded | | |||||
| | `lrd` | | ◌̜ | less rounded | | |||||
| | `pzd` | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | | |||||
| | `vzd` | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | | |||||
| | `fzd` | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | | |||||
| | `atr` | | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | | |||||
| | `rtr` | | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | | |||||
| | `nzd` | `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | | |||||
| | `rzd` | `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | | |||||
| __NOTE:__ The IPA supports ◌̴ for velarized or pharynealized consonants. Unicode | |||||
| has deprecated this combining character, while keeping the combined forms. As | |||||
| such, only the combined forms are supported, using the `fzd` feature. Cainteoir | |||||
| Text-to-Speech uses `vfz` for this combining character, but eSpeak NG does not | |||||
| preserve the distinction between ◌ˤ and ◌̴. | |||||
| ### Suprasegmentals | ### Suprasegmentals | ||||
| #### Stress | #### Stress |
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