Reece H. Dunn
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docs/phonemes.md
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| one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The | one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The | ||||
| possible places of articulation are: | possible places of articulation are: | ||||
| | Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Passive | | |||||
| |-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------| | |||||
| | bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | | |||||
| | labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | | |||||
| | bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | | |||||
| | dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | | |||||
| | alveolar | `alv` | | `apc` | | `alf` | | |||||
| | palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | `alb` | | |||||
| | retroflex | `rfx` | | `sac` | | `hpl` | | |||||
| | alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | `alb` | | |||||
| | palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | `hpl` | | |||||
| | velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | `spl` | | |||||
| | labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | `spl` | | |||||
| | uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | `uvu` | | |||||
| | pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | `prx` | | |||||
| | glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | `gts` | | |||||
| | Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Teeth | Other | | |||||
| |-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|---------| | |||||
| | bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | | | |||||
| | linguolabial | `lgl` | ◌̼ | `lmn` | `ulp` | | | | |||||
| | labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | | | |||||
| | bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | | | |||||
| | interdental | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | `lmn` | | `utt` | | | |||||
| | dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | | | |||||
| | denti-alveolar | `dta` | | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` | | |||||
| | alveolar | `alv` | | `lmn` | | | `alf` | | |||||
| | apico-alveolar | `apa` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `alf` | | |||||
| | palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | | `alb` | | |||||
| | apical retroflex | `arf` | | `sac` | | | `alb` | | |||||
| | retroflex | `rfx` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `hpl` | | |||||
| | alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | | `alb` | | |||||
| | palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | | `hpl` | | |||||
| | velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | | `spl` | | |||||
| | labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` | | |||||
| | uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | | `uvu` | | |||||
| | pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | | `prx` | | |||||
| | epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | | `lyx` | | | `prx` | | |||||
| | (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | | `lyx` | | | `egs` | | |||||
| | glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | | `gts` | | |||||
| The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and | The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and | ||||
| to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and | to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and | ||||
| The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb` | The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb` | ||||
| onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant. | onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant. | ||||
| The `alv` consonant is `lmn` as found in French and Spanish, while `apa` is | |||||
| `apc` as found in English, as such ◌̻ (*laminal*) is not needed. | |||||
| __NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal | __NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal | ||||
| consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. | consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. | ||||
| #### Articulation | #### Articulation | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | |||||
| | `apc` | | ◌̺ | apical | | |||||
| | `lmn` | | ◌̻ | laminal | | |||||
| | `lgl` | | ◌̼ | linguolabial | | |||||
| The following IPA diacritics are only used by eSpeak NG to fill out positions | The following IPA diacritics are only used by eSpeak NG to fill out positions | ||||
| in the IPA consonant and vowel charts. As such those phonemes are transcribed | in the IPA consonant and vowel charts. As such those phonemes are transcribed | ||||
| according to the features at that position, not using the features at the | according to the features at that position, not using the features at the |
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