| | click | `clk` | | `vlc igs orl` | | | click | `clk` | | `vlc igs orl` | | ||||
| | ejective | `ejc` | | `vlc igs orl occ` | | | ejective | `ejc` | | `vlc igs orl occ` | | ||||
| | implosive | `imp` | ◌ʼ | `gtc igs` | | | implosive | `imp` | ◌ʼ | `gtc igs` | | ||||
| | vowel | `vwl` | | `pmc egs orl vow` | | |||||
| The features for these manners of articulation are provided for convenience, | The features for these manners of articulation are provided for convenience, | ||||
| and to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the | and to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the | ||||
| For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for | For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for | ||||
| the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`. | the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`. | ||||
| The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features, | |||||
| while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using | |||||
| place of articulation features. | |||||
| Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following | Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following | ||||
| features: | features: | ||||
| | `fla` | flap | A single tap of the tongue against the secondary articulator. | | | `fla` | flap | A single tap of the tongue against the secondary articulator. | | ||||
| | `tri` | trill | A rapid vibration of the primary articulator against the secondary articulator. | | | `tri` | trill | A rapid vibration of the primary articulator against the secondary articulator. | | ||||
| | `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. | | | `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. | | ||||
| | `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. | | |||||
| ### Phonation | ### Phonation | ||||
| ### Vowels | ### Vowels | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----------------| | |||||
| | `vwl` | `vwl` | vowel | | |||||
| #### Height | #### Height | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | |