Phonemes
Evan Kirshenbaum created an ASCII transcription of the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)[1], [2].
As well as using ASCII characters for specific IPA phonemes, this transcription
provides a set of 3-letter feature abbreviations allowing a phoneme to be
described as a sequence of features.
This document describes the IPA phonemes using the features used by Kirshenbaum.
Where Kirshenbaum does not specify a feature name, the feature name from
Cainteoir Text-to-Speech[5] is used. This is
to provide a consistent naming scheme for the extended feature set.
This document is grouped into two sections. The first section displays the IPA
charts using the feature names instead of their names, showing the IPA phoneme
at that position in the chart. This makes it easier to look up the features for
a given IPA phoneme.
The second section lists the features and their associated name. This section
does not describe what these mean. Their meaning is described in phonetics
articles, books and Wikipedia. The Wikipedia IPA[4]
article can be used as a starting point, as it links to topics and descriptions
of the various phonemes.
IPA Charts
Consonants (Pulmonic)
|
blb |
lbd |
dnt |
alv |
pla |
rfx |
pal |
vel |
uvl |
phr |
glt |
nas |
| m |
| ɱ |
| |
| n |
| |
| ɳ |
| ɲ |
| ŋ |
| ɴ |
| |
| |
stp |
p | b |
| |
| |
t | d |
| |
ʈ | ɖ |
c | ɟ |
k | ɡ |
q | ɢ |
| |
ʔ | |
frc |
ɸ | β |
f | v |
θ | ð |
s | z |
ʃ | ʒ |
ʂ | ʐ |
ç | ʝ |
x | ɣ |
χ | ʁ |
ħ | ʕ |
h | ɦ |
apr |
| |
| ʋ |
| |
| ɹ |
| |
| ɻ |
| j |
| ɰ |
| |
| |
| |
flp |
| |
| ⱱ |
| |
| ɾ |
| |
| ɽ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
trl |
| ʙ |
| |
| |
| r |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ʀ |
| |
| |
lat frc |
| |
| |
| |
ɬ | ɮ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
lat apr |
| |
| |
| |
| l |
| |
| ɭ |
| ʎ |
| ʟ |
| |
| |
| |
Symbols to the left are vls, and to the right are vcd.
Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)
|
blb |
lbd |
dnt |
alv |
pla |
rfx |
pal |
vel |
uvl |
phr |
glt |
clk |
ʘ |
|
ǀ |
ǃ |
|
|
ǂ |
|
|
|
|
lat clk |
|
|
|
ǁ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
vcd imp |
ɓ |
|
|
ɗ |
|
|
ʄ |
ɠ |
ʛ |
|
|
ejc |
pʼ |
|
|
tʼ |
|
ʈʼ |
cʼ |
kʼ |
qʼ |
ʡʼ |
|
ejc frc |
fʼ |
|
θʼ |
sʼ |
ʃʼ |
ʂʼ |
|
xʼ |
χʼ |
|
|
lat ejc frc |
|
|
|
ɬʼ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other Symbols
| Symbol |
Features |
| ʍ |
vls lbv apr |
| w |
vcd lbv apr |
| ɥ |
vcd lbp apr |
| ʜ |
vls epg frc |
| ʢ |
vcd epg frc |
| ʡ |
vls epg stp |
| ɕ |
vls alp frc |
| ʑ |
vcd alp frc |
| ɺ |
vcd alv lat flp |
| ɧ |
vls vzd pla frc |
Vowels
|
fnt |
cnt |
bck |
hgh |
i | y |
ɨ | ʉ |
ɯ | u |
smh |
ɪ | ʏ |
| |
| ʊ |
umd |
e | ø |
ɘ | ɵ |
ɤ | o |
mid |
| |
ə | |
| |
lmd |
ɛ | œ |
ɜ | ɞ |
ʌ | ɔ |
sml |
æ | |
ɐ | |
| |
low |
a | ɶ |
| |
ɑ | ɒ |
Symbols to the left are unr, and to the right are rnd.
NOTE: The smh vowels are more cnt than the other vowels. However, this
distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the
above table.
Features
Phoneme Type
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
vwl |
vwl |
vowel |
Consonants
Voicing
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
vcd |
vcd |
voiced |
vls |
vls |
voiceless |
Place of Articulation
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
blb |
blb |
bilabial |
lbd |
lbd |
labio-dental |
dnt |
dnt |
dental |
alv |
alv |
alveolar |
pla |
pla |
post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) |
rfx |
rfx |
retroflex |
alp |
|
alveolo-palatal |
pal |
pal |
palatal |
vel |
vel |
velar |
uvl |
uvl |
uvular |
phr |
phr |
pharyngeal |
epg |
|
epiglottal |
glt |
glt |
glottal |
Co-articulation
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
lbv |
lbv |
labial-velar |
lbp |
|
labial-palatal |
Manner of Articulation
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
stp |
stp |
plosive (stop) |
nas |
nas |
nasal |
trl |
trl |
trill |
flp |
flp |
tap/flap |
frc |
frc |
fricative |
apr |
apr |
approximant |
lat |
lat |
lateral |
clk |
clk |
click |
ejc |
ejc |
ejective |
imp |
imp |
implosive |
Vowels
Height
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
hgh |
hgh |
close (high) |
smh |
smh |
near-close (semi-high) |
umd |
umd |
close-mid (upper-mid) |
mid |
mid |
mid |
lmd |
lmd |
open-mid (lower-mid) |
sml |
|
near-open (semi-low) |
low |
low |
open (low) |
Backness
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
fnt |
fnt |
front |
cnt |
cnt |
center |
bck |
bck |
back |
Rounding
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
unr |
unr |
unrounded |
rnd |
rnd |
rounded |
Diacritics
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
asp |
asp |
aspirated |
unx |
unx |
unexploded |
syl |
syl |
syllabic |
mrm |
mrm |
murmured |
vzd |
vzd |
velarized |
lzd |
lzd |
labialized |
pzd |
pzd |
palatalized |
rzd |
rzd |
rhoticized |
nzd |
nzd |
nasalized |
fzd |
fzd |
pharyngealized |
Suprasegmentals
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
lng |
lng |
long |
Unused
These feature abbreviations specified by Evan Kirshenbaum in Appendix A of his
ASCII/IPA transcription are not used in that specification.
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
|
orl |
oral |
|
ctl |
central |
References
Kirshenbaum, Evan,
http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html (HTML). 1993.
Kirshenbaum, Evan,
http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf (PDF). 2001.
International Phonetic Association,
https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart. 2015.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet. 2017.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
Dunn, R. H.,
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rhdunn/cainteoir-engine/master/src/libcainteoir/phoneme/phoneme.cpp. 2013-2015.
