Phonemes
Evan Kirshenbaum created an ASCII transcription of the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)[1], [2].
As well as using ASCII characters for specific IPA phonemes, this transcription
provides a set of 3-letter feature abbreviations allowing a phoneme to be
described as a sequence of features.
This document describes the IPA phonemes using the features used by Kirshenbaum.
Consonants
Pulmonic
|
blb |
lbd |
dnt |
alv |
pla |
rfx |
pal |
vel |
uvl |
phr |
glt |
nas |
| m |
| ɱ |
| |
| n |
| |
| ɳ |
| ɲ |
| ŋ |
| ɴ |
| |
| |
stp |
p | b |
| |
| |
t | d |
| |
ʈ | ɖ |
c | ɟ |
k | ɡ |
q | ɢ |
| |
ʔ | |
frc |
ɸ | β |
f | v |
θ | ð |
s | z |
ʃ | ʒ |
ʂ | ʐ |
ç | ʝ |
x | ɣ |
χ | ʁ |
ħ | ʕ |
h | ɦ |
apr |
| |
| ʋ |
| |
| ɹ |
| |
| ɻ |
| j |
| ɰ |
| |
| |
| |
flp |
| |
| ⱱ |
| |
| ɾ |
| |
| ɽ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
trl |
| ʙ |
| |
| |
| r |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ʀ |
| |
| |
lat frc |
| |
| |
| |
ɬ | ɮ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
lat apr |
| |
| |
| |
| l |
| |
| ɭ |
| ʎ |
| ʟ |
| |
| |
| |
Symbols to the left are vls, and to the right are vcd.
Non-Pulmonic
|
blb |
lbd |
dnt |
alv |
pla |
rfx |
pal |
vel |
uvl |
phr |
glt |
clk |
ʘ |
|
ǀ |
ǃ |
|
|
ǂ |
|
|
|
|
lat clk |
|
|
|
ǁ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
vcd imp |
ɓ |
|
|
ɗ |
|
|
ʄ |
ɠ |
ʛ |
|
|
ejc |
pʼ |
|
|
tʼ |
|
ʈʼ |
cʼ |
kʼ |
qʼ |
ʡʼ |
|
ejc frc |
fʼ |
|
θʼ |
sʼ |
ʃʼ |
ʂʼ |
|
xʼ |
χʼ |
|
|
lat ejc frc |
|
|
|
ɬʼ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other Symbols
| Symbol |
Features |
| ʍ |
vls lzd vel apr |
| w |
vcd lzd vel apr |
| ɥ |
vcd lzd pal apr |
| ʜ |
vls epg frc |
| ʢ |
vcd epg frc |
| ʡ |
vls epg stp |
| ɕ |
vls alp frc |
| ʑ |
vcd alp frc |
| ɺ |
vcd alv lat flp |
| ɧ |
vls vzd pla frc |
Features
Phoneme Type
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
vwl |
vwl |
vowel |
Voicing
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
vcd |
vcd |
voiced |
vls |
vls |
voiceless |
Place of Articulation
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
blb |
blb |
bilabial |
lbd |
lbd |
labio-dental |
dnt |
dnt |
dental |
alv |
alv |
alveolar |
pla |
pla |
post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) |
rfx |
rfx |
retroflex |
alp |
|
alveolo-palatal |
pal |
pal |
palatal |
vel |
vel |
velar |
uvl |
uvl |
uvular |
phr |
phr |
pharyngeal |
epg |
|
epiglottal |
glt |
glt |
glottal |
Manner of Articulation
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
stp |
stp |
plosive (stop) |
nas |
nas |
nasal |
trl |
trl |
trill |
flp |
flp |
tap/flap |
frc |
frc |
fricative |
apr |
apr |
approximant |
lat |
lat |
lateral |
clk |
clk |
click |
ejc |
ejc |
ejective |
imp |
imp |
implosive |
Vowel Height
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
hgh |
hgh |
high |
smh |
smh |
semi-high |
umd |
umd |
upper-mid |
mid |
mid |
mid |
lmd |
lmd |
lower-mid |
low |
low |
low |
Vowel Backness
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
fnt |
fnt |
front |
cnt |
cnt |
center |
bck |
bck |
back |
Rounding
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
unr |
unr |
unrounded |
rnd |
rnd |
rounded |
Diacritics
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
asp |
asp |
aspirated |
unx |
unx |
unexploded |
syl |
syl |
syllabic |
mrm |
mrm |
murmured |
vzd |
vzd |
velarized |
lzd |
lzd |
labialized |
pzd |
pzd |
palatalized |
rzd |
rzd |
rhoticized |
nzd |
nzd |
nasalized |
fzd |
fzd |
pharyngealized |
Suprasegmentals
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
lng |
lng |
long |
Unused
These feature abbreviations specified by Evan Kirshenbaum in Appendix A of his
ASCII/IPA transcription are not used in this document.
| Feature |
Kirshenbaum |
Name |
|
orl |
oral |
|
ctl |
central |
lzd vel |
lbv |
labial-velar |
References
Kirshenbaum, Evan,
http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html (HTML). 1993.
Kirshenbaum, Evan,
http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf (PDF). 2001.
International Phonetic Association,
https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart. 2015.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet. 2017.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
