# Phonemes
- [Consonants](#consonants)
- [Pulmonic](#pulmonic)
- [Non-Pulmonic](#non-pulmonic)
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Features](#features)
- [Phoneme Type](#phoneme-type)
- [Voicing](#voicing)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Vowel Height](#vowel-height)
- [Vowel Backness](#vowel-backness)
- [Rounding](#rounding)
- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals)
- [Unused](#unused)
- [References](#references)
----------
Evan Kirshenbaum created an ASCII transcription of the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)\[1\], \[2\].
As well as using ASCII characters for specific IPA phonemes, this transcription
provides a set of 3-letter feature abbreviations allowing a phoneme to be
described as a sequence of features.
This document describes the IPA phonemes using the features used by Kirshenbaum.
## Consonants
### Pulmonic
|
blb |
lbd |
dnt |
alv |
pla |
rfx |
pal |
vel |
uvl |
phr |
glt |
nas |
| m |
| ɱ |
| |
| n |
| |
| ɳ |
| ɲ |
| ŋ |
| ɴ |
| |
| |
stp |
p | b |
| |
| |
t | d |
| |
ʈ | ɖ |
c | ɟ |
k | ɡ |
q | ɢ |
| |
ʔ | |
frc |
ɸ | β |
f | v |
θ | ð |
s | z |
ʃ | ʒ |
ʂ | ʐ |
ç | ʝ |
x | ɣ |
χ | ʁ |
ħ | ʕ |
h | ɦ |
apr |
| |
| ʋ |
| |
| ɹ |
| |
| ɻ |
| j |
| ɰ |
| |
| |
| |
flp |
| |
| ⱱ |
| |
| ɾ |
| |
| ɽ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
trl |
| ʙ |
| |
| |
| r |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ʀ |
| |
| |
lat frc |
| |
| |
| |
ɬ | ɮ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
lat apr |
| |
| |
| |
| l |
| |
| ɭ |
| ʎ |
| ʟ |
| |
| |
| |
Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`.
### Non-Pulmonic
|
blb |
lbd |
dnt |
alv |
pla |
rfx |
pal |
vel |
uvl |
phr |
glt |
clk |
ʘ |
|
ǀ |
ǃ |
|
|
ǂ |
|
|
|
|
lat clk |
|
|
|
ǁ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
vcd imp |
ɓ |
|
|
ɗ |
|
|
ʄ |
ɠ |
ʛ |
|
|
ejc |
pʼ |
|
|
tʼ |
|
ʈʼ |
cʼ |
kʼ |
qʼ |
ʡʼ |
|
ejc frc |
fʼ |
|
θʼ |
sʼ |
ʃʼ |
ʂʼ |
|
xʼ |
χʼ |
|
|
lat ejc frc |
|
|
|
ɬʼ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Other Symbols
| Symbol | Features |
|--------|-------------------------|
| ʍ | `vls` `lzd` `vel` `apr` |
| w | `vcd` `lzd` `vel` `apr` |
| ɥ | `vcd` `lzd` `pal` `apr` |
| ʜ | `vls` `epg` `frc` |
| ʢ | `vcd` `epg` `frc` |
| ʡ | `vls` `epg` `stp` |
| ɕ | `vls` `alp` `frc` |
| ʑ | `vcd` `alp` `frc` |
| ɺ | `vcd` `alv` `lat` `flp` |
| ɧ | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` |
## Features
### Phoneme Type
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `vwl` | `vwl` | vowel |
### Voicing
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `vcd` | `vcd` | voiced |
| `vls` | `vls` | voiceless |
### Place of Articulation
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `blb` | `blb` | bilabial |
| `lbd` | `lbd` | labio-dental |
| `dnt` | `dnt` | dental |
| `alv` | `alv` | alveolar |
| `pla` | `pla` | post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) |
| `rfx` | `rfx` | retroflex |
| `alp` | | alveolo-palatal |
| `pal` | `pal` | palatal |
| `vel` | `vel` | velar |
| `uvl` | `uvl` | uvular |
| `phr` | `phr` | pharyngeal |
| `epg` | | epiglottal |
| `glt` | `glt` | glottal |
### Manner of Articulation
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `stp` | `stp` | plosive (stop) |
| `nas` | `nas` | nasal |
| `trl` | `trl` | trill |
| `flp` | `flp` | tap/flap |
| `frc` | `frc` | fricative |
| `apr` | `apr` | approximant |
| `lat` | `lat` | lateral |
| `clk` | `clk` | click |
| `ejc` | `ejc` | ejective |
| `imp` | `imp` | implosive |
### Vowel Height
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `hgh` | `hgh` | high |
| `smh` | `smh` | semi-high |
| `umd` | `umd` | upper-mid |
| `mid` | `mid` | mid |
| `lmd` | `lmd` | lower-mid |
| `low` | `low` | low |
### Vowel Backness
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `fnt` | `fnt` | front |
| `cnt` | `cnt` | center |
| `bck` | `bck` | back |
### Rounding
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `unr` | `unr` | unrounded |
| `rnd` | `rnd` | rounded |
### Diacritics
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `asp` | `asp` | aspirated |
| `unx` | `unx` | unexploded |
| `syl` | `syl` | syllabic |
| `mrm` | `mrm` | murmured |
| `vzd` | `vzd` | velarized |
| `lzd` | `lzd` | labialized |
| `pzd` | `pzd` | palatalized |
| `rzd` | `rzd` | rhoticized |
| `nzd` | `nzd` | nasalized |
| `fzd` | `fzd` | pharyngealized |
### Suprasegmentals
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|
| `lng` | `lng` | long |
### Unused
These feature abbreviations specified by Evan Kirshenbaum in Appendix A of his
ASCII/IPA transcription are not used in this document.
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
|-----------|-------------|-----------------|
| | `orl` | oral |
| | `ctl` | central |
| `lzd vel` | `lbv` | labial-velar |
## References
1. Kirshenbaum, Evan,
[http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html](Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII) (HTML). 1993.
2. Kirshenbaum, Evan,
[http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf](Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII) (PDF). 2001.
3. International Phonetic Association,
[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart](The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart). 2015.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
4. Wikipedia.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet](International Phonetic Alphabet). 2017.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).