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- // This ps_rules file is created by Hanif Rahman for Pashto language support in espeak-ng
- // This file is UTF8 encoded
- // Phoneme rules for Pashto
- // Updated May 2025: Comprehensive revision to ensure full alignment with ph_pashto phoneme definitions
- // Improved context-sensitive rules and expanded coverage of phoneme combinations
- // Previous updates:
- // - April 2025: Comprehensive overhaul with improved context-sensitive rules, stress patterns,
- // - March 2025: Fixed to use only defined phonemes with correct notation
-
- // Letter group - l01: Vowels
-
- .replace
- ٠ 0
- ١ 1
- ٢ 2
- ٣ 3
- ٤ 4
- ٥ 5
- ٦ 6
- ٧ 7
- ٨ 8
- ٩ 9
- ي ی
- آ ا
-
- // vowel signs, alif acts as consonants at start of word if these follow
- .L01 َ ِ ُ و ی ع ا ې ۍ ی ګ ڼ ړ ډ ټ څ ځ ښ ږ ٰ ٗ
-
- // Consonants
- .L02 ب پ ت ټ ث ج ځ چ څ ح خ د ډ ذ ر ړ ز ژ ږ س ش ښ ص ض ط ظ غ ف ق ک ګ ل م ن ڼ ه ئ
-
- // Letter group - L03 (all letters)
- .L03 ا ب پ ت ټ ث ج ځ چ څ ح خ د ډ ذ ر ړ ز ژ ږ س ش ښ ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک ګ ل م ن ڼ و ې ۍ ی ه ئ ٰ
-
- // Common word endings
- .L04 ان ات ون ین
-
- // Consonant clusters
- .L05 بل پل تر ټر در ډر سر شت ښت کر ګر مر نر ڼر
-
- // Short vowel contexts
- .L06 َت َد َر َس َش َک َل َم َن
-
- // Long vowel contexts
- .L07 اب ات اد ار ال ام ان او ای ېر ېز ېږ ېښ
-
- // VOWELS
-
- .group َ
- َ a
- َی e
- َې e
- َو wa
- َع a:
- _) َ 'a // Stress on initial short vowel
- L02) َ (L02L02_ a# // Using unstressed vowel variant in final closed syllables
- L02) َ (L02_ a // Maintained in final open syllables
- L02) َ (L05 'a // Stress before consonant clusters
-
- .group ِ
- ِ i
- ِی i:
- ِع(L02 i
- L03L03) ِ (_S1 'e:
- _) ِ 'i // Stress on initial short vowel
- L02) ِ (L02L02_ i# // Using unstressed vowel variant in final closed syllables
- L02) ِ (L02_ i // Maintained in final open syllables
- L02) ِ (L05 'i // Stress before consonant clusters
-
- .group ُ
- ُ u
- ُو u:
- ُع o
- _) ُ 'u // Stress on initial short vowel
- L02) ُ (L02L02_ u# // Using unstressed vowel variant in final closed syllables
- L02) ُ (L02_ u // Maintained in final open syllables
- L02) ُ (L05 'u // Stress before consonant clusters
-
- .group ٗ
- ٗ u:
- _) ٗ 'u: // Stress on initial long vowel
- L02) ٗ u: // Long vowel in medial position
-
- .group ھ
- ھ h
- ھ (_ h
- ھ (l01 h
- ھ (L02 h@ // Add schwa when followed by consonant
-
- .group ٰ
- ٰ a:
- ٰی a:
- _) ٰ 'a: // Stress on initial long vowel
- L02) ٰ a: // Long vowel in medial position
-
- .group ا
- ا a:
- _) ا (L01 // Acts like Consonants if followed by a vowel but is silent.
- _) ا 'a // Initial alif with stress
- _) الله 'a:l.la:h // Allah
- _) اور 'o:r // Fire (initial a with stress)
- _) اوس 'o:ws // Now (initial a with stress)
- _) اوږد 'awZ.d // Long (initial a with stress)
- _) او 'aw // Initial aw diphthong
- _) اوبه 'awb@ // Water (aw diphthong)
- _) اوښ 'o:S. // Camel (aw diphthong)
- _) اوړی 'o:r.@j // Summer (aw diphthong)
- _) ای 'e // Initial ay diphthong with stress
- _) ایښودل 'i:S.od@l // To put/place (ay diphthong)
- _) ایمان 'i:ma:n // Faith (ay diphthong)
- _) ایره 'i:r@ // Ash (ay diphthong)
- _) ایله 'i:l@ // Hardly/just (ay diphthong)
- ائ(L02 'aj // ay diphthong with stress
- اه(_ a:h // Final alif+he
- _) اهل a:h@l // People/inhabitants
- _) اهم a:h@m // Important
- L03L03) ات (_S2 a:t // Common ending
- _) اتل a:t@l // Hero
- _) اتڼ a:t@n. // Folk dance
- ائ(L02 a@i
- اٖ i // Alif with inverted kasra
- _) ابتدا ibti'da: // Beginning (alif with kasra)
- _) اخلاص ix'la:s // Sincerity (alif with kasra)
- _) اسلام is'la:m // Islam (alif with kasra)
- اں a:n // Alif with noon ghunna
- ا (ن a:n // Alif before noon
- _) انسان in'sa:n // Human (alif with kasra before noon)
- _) انځور @n'dzwr // Picture (alif with schwa before noon)
- _) امتحان imti'ha:n // Exam (alif with kasra)
- _) انار a'na:r // Pomegranate (alif with fatha)
- ا (ں a:n // Alif before noon ghunna
- L02) ا (L02 a: // Medial alif between consonants
- L02) ا (_ a // Final alif after consonant (shorter)
- L02L02) ا (_ 'a // Final alif after consonant cluster (stressed)
- // Additional common words starting with alif
- _) اچار a'tSa:r // Pickle
- _) ادب a'dab // Literature
- _) افغان af'Qa:n // Afghan
- _) ارزښت ar'[email protected] // Value
- _) اړتیا ar.'tja: // Need/necessity
- _) استاد us'ta:d // Teacher (alif with damma/u)
- _) اونۍ 'u:n@i // Week
-
- .group ب
- ب b
- ب (_ b
- _) ب (َ b@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ب (ِ b@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ب (ُ b@ // Initial with damma
- ب (L02L02 b@ // Before consonant cluster
- ب (ب b: // Geminated
- _) بادام ba:'da:m // Almond
- _) باران ba:'ra:n // Rain
- _) باغ ba:Q // Garden
- _) بازار ba:'za:r // Market
- _) باز ba:z // Falcon
- _) بام ba:m // Roof
- _) باور ba:'w@r // Belief
- _) بچه ba'tS@ // Child
- _) بدل ba'd@l // Change
- _) بس bas // Enough/bus
- _) بل b@l // Another
- _) بلبل b@l'b@l // Nightingale
- _) بند band // Closed
-
- .group پ
- پ p
- پ (_ p
- پھ p
- _) پ (َ p@ // Initial with fatha
- _) پ (ِ p@ // Initial with kasra
- _) پ (ُ p@ // Initial with damma
- پ (L02L02 p@ // Before consonant cluster
- پ (پ p: // Geminated
- _) پلار p@'la:r // Father
- _) پښتو p@S'to // Pashto language
- _) پاڼه pa:'n.@ // Page/leaf
- _) پوهه po:'h@ // Knowledge
- _) پیاز pja:z // Onion
- _) پټ p@t. // Hidden
- _) پوښتنه poS't@n@ // Question
- _) پیسه paj's@ // Money
- _) پل p@l // Bridge
- _) پاک pa:k // Clean/pure
-
- .group ت
- ت t
- ت (_ t
- تھ t
- ت (ان ta:n // Common suffix
- ت (ا ta: // Common sequence
- _) ت (َ t@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ت (ِ t@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ت (ُ t@ // Initial with damma
- ت (L02L02 t@ // Before consonant cluster
- ت (ت t: // Geminated
- ت (و tw // Before waw
- _) تاج ta:dZ // Crown
- _) تاریخ ta:'ri:x // History/date
- _) تازه 'ta:z@ // Fresh
- _) تبه 'tab@ // Fever
- _) تخت taxt // Throne/bed
- _) تړون ta'r.@n // Agreement/contract
- _) تل t@l // Always
- _) توره 'to:r@ // Sword
- _) تور tor // Black
- _) تیز tez // Sharp/fast
-
- .group ټ
- ټ t.
- ټ (_ t.
- ټھ t.
- _) ټ (َ t.@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ټ (ِ t.@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ټ (ُ t.@ // Initial with damma
- ټ (L02L02 t.@ // Before consonant cluster
- ټ (ټ t.: // Geminated
- _) ټوپ t.op // Jump
- _) ټال t.a:l // Postpone
- _) ټیټ t.it. // Low/short
- _) ټوکه t.o:'k@ // Joke
- _) ټولنه t.ol'n@ // Society
- _) ټک t.@k // Knock/tap
- _) ټانک t.a:nk // Tank
- _) ټاپو t.a:'pu // Island
- _) ټینګ t.iN // Firm/tight
- _) ټکی t.@'ki // Dot/point
-
- .group ث
- ث s
- ث (_ s
- ث (ث s: // Geminated
- _) ث (َ s@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ث (ِ s@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ث (ُ s@ // Initial with damma
- _) ثابت sa:'bit // Stable/fixed
- _) ثواب sa'wa:b // Reward/virtue
- _) ثروت sar'wat // Wealth
- _) ثقیل sa'qi:l // Heavy
- _) ثمر sa'mar // Fruit/result
- _) ثانیه sa:'nij@ // Second (time)
- _) ثلث suls // One-third
- _) ثقافت saqa:'fat // Culture
-
- .group ج
- ج dZ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ج (_ dZ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- جھ dZ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ج (َ dZ@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ج (ِ dZ@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ج (ُ dZ@ // Initial with damma
- ج (L02L02 dZ@ // Before consonant cluster
- ج (ج dZ: // Geminated
- _) جنګ dZ@nQ // War
- _) جوړ dZor. // Made/built
- _) جومات dZo:'ma:t // Mosque
- _) جهان dZa'ha:n // World
- _) جلا dZa'la: // Separate
- _) جنوب dZa'nu:b // South
- _) جرګه dZir'g@ // Assembly/council
- _) جادو dZa:'du // Magic
- _) جواب dZa'wa:b // Answer
- _) جیب dZeb // Pocket
-
- .group ځ
- ځ dz
- ځ (_ dz
- _) ځ (َ dz@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ځ (ِ dz@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ځ (ُ dz@ // Initial with damma
- ځ (L02L02 dz@ // Before consonant cluster
- ځ (ځ dz: // Geminated
- _) ځان dza:n // Self
- _) ځای dza:j // Place
- _) ځنګل dz@ng@l // Forest
- _) ځمکه dz@m'k@ // Earth/land
- _) ځواک dzwa:k // Power/strength
- _) ځوان dzwa:n // Young
- _) ځنځیر dz@n'dzi:r // Chain
- _) ځلا dza'la: // Shine/glitter
- _) ځنډ dz@nd. // Delay
- _) ځغلول dz@Q'l@l // To run
- _) ځواب dzwa:b // Answer
- _) ځیر dzi:r // Attentive/careful
- _) ځیږ dzi:Z. // Rough/coarse
- _) ځپل dz@p@l // To suppress
- _) ځړول dz@r.'w@l // To hang
- _) ځلیدل dz@'li:d@l // To shine
- _) ځګ dz@g // Sand
- _) ځوړند dzor.'@nd // Hanging
- _) ځیرک dzi:'r@k // Intelligent
- _) ځینې dzi:'ne // Some
-
- .group چ
- چ tS // Updated to match ph_pashto
- چ (_ tS // Updated to match ph_pashto
- چھ tS // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) چ (َ tS@ // Initial with fatha
- _) چ (ِ tS@ // Initial with kasra
- _) چ (ُ tS@ // Initial with damma
- چ (L02L02 tS@ // Before consonant cluster
- چ (چ tS: // Geminated
- _) چا tSa: // Who
- _) چت tS@t // Ceiling
- _) چمن tS@'m@n // Lawn/garden
- _) چټک tS@'t.@k // Fast/quick
- _) چاړه tSa:'r.@ // Knife
- _) چوکۍ tSo:'ki: // Chair
- _) چل tS@l // Trick
- _) چپ tS@p // Quiet/silent
- _) چغه tS@'Q@ // Shout/scream
- _) چکر tS@'k@r // Walk/stroll
- _) چینه tSi:'n@ // Spring/fountain
- _) چیرې tSi:'re // Where
- _) چیغه tSi:'Q@ // Scream
- _) چورلکه tSor'l@k@ // Helicopter
- _) چوپړ tSo'p@r. // Service
- _) چاپ tSa:p // Print
-
- .group څ
- څ ts
- څ (_ ts
- _) څ (َ ts@ // Initial with fatha
- _) څ (ِ ts@ // Initial with kasra
- _) څ (ُ ts@ // Initial with damma
- څ (L02L02 ts@ // Before consonant cluster
- څ (څ ts: // Geminated
- _) څوک tsok // Who
- _) څنګه ts@'ng@ // How
- _) څلور ts@'lor // Four
- _) څپه ts@'p@ // Wave
- _) څارنه tsa:'r@n@ // Supervision
- _) څیړنه tsi:'r.@n@ // Research
- _) څانګه tsa:'ng@ // Branch
- _) څټ ts@t. // Back (of head)
- _) څرګند ts@r'g@nd // Clear/evident
- _) څمڅه ts@m'ts@ // Ladle
- _) څیره tsi:'r@ // Face
- _) څرمن ts@r'm@n // Leather/skin
- _) څکول ts@'kw@l // To drink
- _) څنډه ts@n'd.@ // Edge/border
- _) څوکه tso:'k@ // Peak/summit
- _) څاڅکی tsa:'ts@ki // Drop
-
- .group ح
- ح h
- ح (_ h
- _) ح (َ h@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ح (ِ h@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ح (ُ h@ // Initial with damma
- ح (L02L02 h@ // Before consonant cluster
- ح (ح h: // Geminated
- _) حق h@q // Right/truth
- _) حال ha:l // Condition/state
- _) حکم h@'k@m // Order/command
- _) حمله h@m'l@ // Attack
- _) حساب hi'sa:b // Calculation/account
- _) حکومت h@ku:'m@t // Government
- _) حرکت h@r@'k@t // Movement
- _) حیران haj'ra:n // Surprised
- _) حوصله ho:'s@l@ // Patience
- _) حافظ ha:'fiz // Guardian/protector
- _) حلال h@'la:l // Permissible
- _) حرام h@'ra:m // Forbidden
- _) حج h@dZ // Pilgrimage
- _) حاضر ha:'zir // Present/ready
- _) حقیقت h@qi:'q@t // Truth/reality
-
- .group خ
- خ X // Updated to match ph_pashto
- خ (_ X // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) خ (َ X@ // Initial with fatha
- _) خ (ِ X@ // Initial with kasra
- _) خ (ُ X@ // Initial with damma
- خ (L02L02 X@ // Before consonant cluster
- خ (خ X: // Geminated
- _) خبر X@'b@r // News
- _) خوب Xob // Sleep/dream
- _) خوږ XwaZ // Sweet
- _) خاص Xa:s // Special
- _) خلک X@l@k // People
- _) خوله Xo:'l@ // Mouth
- _) خپل X@'p@l // Own/self
- _) خدای X@'daj // God
- _) خاورې Xa:'wre // Earth/soil
- _) خوشحال XoS'ha:l // Happy
- _) خیال Xi'ja:l // Thought
- _) خطر Xa'tar // Danger
- _) خوراک Xo'ra:k // Food
- _) خوشې Xo'Se // Free/released
- _) خړ X@r. // Gray
-
- .group د
- د d
- د (_ d
- دھ d
- _) د (َ d@ // Initial with fatha
- _) د (ِ d@ // Initial with kasra
- _) د (ُ d@ // Initial with damma
- د (L02L02 d@ // Before consonant cluster
- د (د d: // Geminated
- د (ر dr // Common cluster
- _) دوست do:st // Friend
- _) دل d@l // Heart
- _) دود dod // Tradition/custom
- _) دنیا d@n'ja: // World
- _) درد d@rd // Pain
- _) دانه da:'n@ // Grain/seed
- _) دیوال di'wa:l // Wall
- _) دروازه d@rwa:'z@ // Door
- _) دښمن d@S'm@n // Enemy
- _) دوه dw@ // Two
- _) دندان d@n'da:n // Tooth
- _) دریاب d@r'ja:b // River
- _) دوکان d@'ka:n // Shop
- _) دانش da:'n@S // Knowledge
- _) دعا d@'a: // Prayer
-
- .group ډ
- ډ d.
- ډ (_ d.
- ډھ d.
- _) ډ (َ d.@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ډ (ِ d.@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ډ (ُ d.@ // Initial with damma
- ډ (L02L02 d.@ // Before consonant cluster
- ډ (ډ d.: // Geminated
- ډ (ر d.r // Common cluster
- _) ډوډۍ d.o:'d.@j // Bread
- _) ډک d.@k // Full
- _) ډار d.a:r // Fear
- _) ډول d.ol // Type/kind
- _) ډیر d.er // Many/much
- _) ډنډ d.@n'd. // Pond
- _) ډبره d.@'br@ // Stone/rock
- _) ډله d.@'l@ // Group
- _) ډوب d.ob // Drowned/sunk
- _) ډاکټر d.a:k't.@r // Doctor
- _) ډرامه d.ra:'m@ // Drama
- _) ډیزل d.i'z@l // Diesel
- _) ډنډوره d.@n'd.o:r@ // Rumor
- _) ډنډ d.@nd. // Pond
- _) ډیوه d.i:'w@ // Lamp
-
- .group ذ
- ذ z
- ذ (_ z
- _) ذ (َ z@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ذ (ِ z@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ذ (ُ z@ // Initial with damma
- ذ (L02L02 z@ // Before consonant cluster
- ذ (ذ z: // Geminated
- _) ذکر z@kr // Mention/remembrance
- _) ذات za:t // Self/being
- _) ذهن z@h@n // Mind
- _) ذخیره z@xi:'r@ // Reserve/storage
- _) ذره z@'r@ // Particle
- _) ذمه z@'m@ // Responsibility
- _) ذلت z@'l@t // Humiliation
- _) ذوق zoq // Taste/interest
- _) ذریعه z@ri:'@ // Means/source
- _) ذکاوت z@ka:'w@t // Intelligence
- _) ذبح z@b@h // Slaughter
- _) ذیل z@'j@l // Following/below
-
- .group ر
- ر r
- ر (_ r
- _) ر (َ r@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ر (ِ r@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ر (ُ r@ // Initial with damma
- ر (L02L02 r@ // Before consonant cluster
- ر (ر r: // Geminated
- L02) ر (L02 @r // Epenthetic schwa between consonants
- _) روڼ ru'n. // Bright/clear
- _) راز ra:z // Secret
- _) روح ruh // Soul/spirit
- _) رنګ r@ng // Color
- _) رڼا r@'n.a: // Light
- _) راتلل ra:'t@l@l // To come
- _) روغ roQ // Healthy
- _) رسول r@'su:l // To deliver
- _) رخصت r@x'sat // Leave/holiday
- _) رسۍ r@'s@j // Rope
- _) روان r@'wa:n // Flowing/current
- _) رښتیا r@S.'ti:a: // Truth
- _) رپوټ r@'po:t. // Report
- _) رمه r@'m@ // Herd/flock
-
- .group ړ
- ړ r.
- ړ (_ r.
- _) ړ (َ r.@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ړ (ِ r.@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ړ (ُ r.@ // Initial with damma
- ړ (L02L02 r.@ // Before consonant cluster
- ړ (ړ r.: // Geminated
- L02) ړ (L02 @r. // Epenthetic schwa between consonants
- _) ړنګ r.@ng // Demolition/destruction
- _) ړوند r.u:nd // Blind
- _) ړومبی r.u:m'b@j // First/primary
- _) ړنګول r.@n'gu:l // To demolish
- _) ړنګېدل r.@nge:'d@l // To collapse
- _) ړاندې r.a:n'de // Forward/ahead
- _) ړبوږن r.@'bu:Z.@n // Rough/uneven
- _) ړبېښل r.@'be:S.@l // To shine/glitter
- _) ړوکی r.u:'k@j // Small/little
- _) ړوپ r.u:p // Gulp/sip
-
- .group ز
- ز z
- ز (_ z
- _) ز (َ z@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ز (ِ z@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ز (ُ z@ // Initial with damma
- ز (L02L02 z@ // Before consonant cluster
- ز (ز z: // Geminated
- ز (د zd // Common cluster
- زده (ک zd@'ko // Special case for student (zd@_ko:w@n'k@j)
- زده (کوون zd@_ko:w@n // Extended special case for student
- _) زر z@r // Gold
- _) زړه z@'r.@ // Heart
- _) زوی zu:j // Son
- _) زما z@'ma: // My/mine
- _) زمری z@m'r@j // Lion
- _) زمکه z@m'k@ // Earth/land
- _) زیات zi:'a:t // More/additional
- _) زخم z@'x@m // Wound/injury
- _) زور zo:r // Force/strength
- _) زېږېدل ze:Ze:'d@l // To be born
- _) زرغون z@r'Qu:n // Green
- _) زاړه za:'r.@ // Old (plural)
- _) زنګون z@n'gu:n // Knee
-
- .group ژ
- ژ Z // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ژ (_ Z // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ژ (َ Z@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ژ (ِ Z@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ژ (ُ Z@ // Initial with damma
- ژ (L02L02 Z@ // Before consonant cluster
- ژ (ژ Z: // Geminated
- L02) ژ (L02 @Z // Epenthetic schwa between consonants
- _) ژوند Zu:nd // Life
- _) ژر Z@r // Quick/fast
- _) ژړا Z@'r.a: // Crying/weeping
- _) ژمی Z@'m@j // Winter
- _) ژباړه Z@'ba:r.@ // Translation
- _) ژمنه Z@'m@n@ // Promise
- _) ژوبل Zu:'b@l // Wounded/injured
- _) ژېړ Ze:r. // Yellow
- _) ژغورل Z@'Qu:r@l // To save/rescue
- _) ژاړل Za:'r.@l // To cry/weep
- _) ژورنال Zu:r'na:l // Journal
-
- .group ږ
- ږ Z. // Updated to match ph_pashto (Z. for retroflex version)
- ږ (_ Z. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ږ (َ Z.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ږ (ِ Z.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ږ (ُ Z.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ږ (L02L02 Z.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ږ (ږ Z.: // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ږ (م Z.m // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ږ (د Z.d // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ږغ Z.@Q // Call/voice
- _) ږيره Z.'i:r.a // Beard
- _) ږلۍ Z.@'l@i // Hail/sleet
- _) ږمنځ Z.@'[email protected] // Armpit
- _) ږوب Z.o:b // Wet/soaked
- _) ږوند Z.u:nd // Deaf
- _) ږېږدېدل Z.e:Z.'de:d@l // To tremble/shake
- _) ږېرۍ Z.e:'r@i // Slope/incline
- _) ږلېدل Z.@'le:d@l // To shine/glitter
- _) ږوږ Z.u:Z. // Noise/sound
- _) ږمونږ Z.@'mu:n.Z. // We/us (variant)
-
- .group س
- س s
- س (_ s
- _) س (َ s@ // Initial with fatha
- _) س (ِ s@ // Initial with kasra
- _) س (ُ s@ // Initial with damma
- س (L02L02 s@ // Before consonant cluster
- س (س s: // Geminated
- س (ت s@'t // Common sequence
- س (تان s@'ta:n // Common ending
- س (ر sr // Common cluster
- س (پ sp // Common cluster
- س (ټ st. // Common cluster
- س (ا sa: // Common combinations
- س (و su:
- س (ی si:
- س (ې se:
- س (ۍ s@i
- س (ل sl // Consonant clusters
- س (ن sn
- س (د sd
- س (ش sS
- س (ک sk
- س (م sm
- س (ړ sr. // Specific to Pashto
- س (ښ sS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) سر s@r // Head
- _) سور su:r // Red
- _) سپین s@'pi:n // White
- _) سړی s@'r.@j // Man
- _) سترګه s@'t@rg@ // Eye
- _) سیند si:nd // River
- _) سوله su:'l@ // Peace
- _) سږکال s@Z.'ka:l // This year
- _) سمندر s@'m@nd@r // Ocean
- _) سیمه si:'m@ // Area/region
- _) سپوږمۍ s@'pu:Z.m@i // Moon
- _) سهار s@'ha:r // Morning
-
- .group ش
- ش S
- ش (_ S
- _) ش (َ S@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ش (ِ S@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ش (ُ S@ // Initial with damma
- ش (L02L02 S@ // Before consonant cluster
- ش (ش S: // Geminated
- ش (ت St // Common cluster
- ش (ک Sk // Common cluster
- ش (ا Sa: // Common combinations
- ش (و Su:
- ش (ی Si:
- ش (ې Se:
- ش (ۍ S@i
- ش (ر Sr // Consonant clusters
- ش (ل Sl
- ش (ن Sn
- ش (د Sd
- ش (س Ss
- ش (م Sm
- ش (ړ Sr. // Specific to Pashto
- ش (ښ SS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) شپه S@'p@ // Night
- _) شین Si:n // Green
- _) شمال S@'ma:l // North
- _) شکر Su'k@r // Sugar
- _) شاه Sa:h // King
- _) شوق So:q // Desire/passion
- _) شېر Se:r // Lion
- _) شړل S@'r.@l // To expel/drive away
- _) شمېر S@'me:r // Number/count
- _) شونډه Su:'n.d.@ // Lip
- _) شاتو Sa:'tu: // Honey
- _) شاوخوا Sa:w'xu:a: // Around/surrounding
-
- .group ښ
- ښ S. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ښ (_ S. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ښ (َ S.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ښ (ِ S.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- _) ښ (ُ S.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ښ (L02L02 S.@ // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ښ (ښ S.: // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ښ (ت S.t // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ښ (ک S.k // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ښ (ا S.a: // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ښ (و S.u:
- ښ (ی S.i:
- ښ (ې S.e:
- ښ (ۍ S.@i
- ښ (ر S.r // Consonant clusters
- ښ (ل S.l
- ښ (ن S.n
- ښ (د S.d
- ښ (س S.s
- ښ (ش S.S
- ښ (م S.m
- ښ (ړ S.r. // Specific to Pashto
- _) ښه S.@ // Good
- _) ښکار S.@'ka:r // Hunting
- _) ښکلی S.@'k@l@j // Beautiful
- _) ښوونه S.u:'w@n@ // Teaching/education
- _) ښاخ S.a:x // Branch
- _) ښامار S.a:'ma:r // Dragon/serpent
- _) ښځه S.@'dz@ // Woman
- _) ښوول S.u:'w@l // To show/teach
- _) ښکته S.@'k@t@ // Down/below
- _) ښار S.a:r // City
- _) ښاروال S.a:r'wa:l // Mayor
- _) ښوونکی S.u:w@n'k@j // Teacher
-
- .group ص
- ص s
- ص (_ s
- _) ص (َ s@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ص (ِ s@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ص (ُ s@ // Initial with damma
- ص (L02L02 s@ // Before consonant cluster
- ص (ص s: // Geminated
- ص (ا sa: // Common combinations
- ص (و su:
- ص (ی si:
- ص (ې se:
- ص (ۍ s@i
- ص (ر sr // Consonant clusters
- ص (ل sl
- ص (ن sn
- ص (د sd
- ص (ت st
- ص (س ss
- ص (ش sS
- ص (ک sk
- ص (م sm
- _) صبر s@'b@r // Patience
- _) صلح su'l@h // Peace
- _) صدا s@'da: // Sound/voice
- _) صنف si'n@f // Class/grade
- _) صورت su:'r@t // Face/form
- _) صاف sa:f // Clean
- _) صحت si'h@t // Health
- _) صنعت s@'n@t // Industry
- _) صدق si'd@q // Truth
- _) صفر si'f@r // Zero
- _) صندوق s@n'du:q // Box
- _) صحرا s@h'ra: // Desert
- _) صابون sa:'bu:n // Soap
-
- .group ض
- ض z
- ض (_ z
- _) ض (َ z@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ض (ِ z@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ض (ُ z@ // Initial with damma
- ض (L02L02 z@ // Before consonant cluster
- ض (ض z: // Geminated
- ض (ا za: // Common combinations
- ض (و zu:
- ض (ی zi:
- ض (ې ze:
- ض (ۍ z@i
- ض (ر zr // Consonant clusters
- ض (ل zl
- ض (ن zn
- ض (د zd
- ض (ت zt
- ض (س zs
- ض (ش zS
- ض (ک zk
- ض (م zm
- _) ضرر z@'r@r // Harm/damage
- _) ضرب z@'r@b // Multiplication/strike
- _) ضرورت z@ru:'r@t // Necessity/need
- _) ضعیف z@'i:f // Weak
- _) ضمیر z@'mi:r // Pronoun/conscience
- _) ضد zi'd // Against/opposite
- _) ضبط z@'b@t // Record/capture
- _) ضمانت z@ma:'n@t // Guarantee
- _) ضلع zi'l@? // Side/district
- _) ضیاء zi'ja: // Light/brightness
-
- .group ط
- ط t
- ط (_ t
- _) ط (َ t@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ط (ِ t@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ط (ُ t@ // Initial with damma
- ط (L02L02 t@ // Before consonant cluster
- ط (ط t: // Geminated
- ط (ا ta: // Common combinations
- ط (و tu:
- ط (ی ti:
- ط (ې te:
- ط (ۍ t@i
- ط (ر tr // Consonant clusters
- ط (ل tl
- ط (ن tn
- ط (د td
- ط (س ts
- ط (ش tS
- ط (ک tk
- ط (م tm
- _) طب ti'b // Medicine
- _) طالب ta:'lib // Student/seeker
- _) طاقت ta:'q@t // Power/strength
- _) طوفان tu:'fa:n // Storm
- _) طلوع tu'lu:? // Sunrise/rising
- _) طبیعت t@bi:'?@t // Nature
- _) طریقه t@ri:'qa // Method/way
- _) طلا ti'la: // Gold
- _) طاعت ta:'?@t // Obedience
- _) طبقه t@'b@qa // Class/layer
- _) طاس ta:s // Bowl
- _) طور to:r // Manner/way
- _) طیاره t@ja:'ra // Airplane
-
- .group ظ
- ظ z
- ظ (_ z
- _) ظ (َ z@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ظ (ِ z@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ظ (ُ z@ // Initial with damma
- ظ (L02L02 z@ // Before consonant cluster
- ظ (ظ z: // Geminated
- ظ (ا za: // Common combinations
- ظ (و zu:
- ظ (ی zi:
- ظ (ې ze:
- ظ (ۍ z@i
- ظ (ر zr // Consonant clusters
- ظ (ل zl
- ظ (ن zn
- ظ (د zd
- ظ (ت zt
- ظ (س zs
- ظ (ش zS
- ظ (ک zk
- ظ (م zm
- _) ظلم zu'lm // Oppression/injustice
- _) ظاهر za:'hir // Apparent/visible
- _) ظرف z@'r@f // Container/vessel
- _) ظریف z@'ri:f // Elegant/witty
- _) ظهور zu'hu:r // Appearance/emergence
- _) ظن z@'n // Opinion/thought
- _) ظالم za:'lim // Oppressor/tyrant
- _) ظفر z@'f@r // Victory/triumph
- _) ظهر zu'h@r // Noon/midday
- _) ظرافت z@ra:'f@t // Elegance/wit
-
- .group ع
- ع ? // Updated to glottal stop (?) which is more accurate than Q
- ع (_ ? // Updated to glottal stop
- _) ع (َ ?@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ع (ِ ?@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ع (ُ ?@ // Initial with damma
- ع (L02L02 ?@ // Before consonant cluster
- ع (ع ?: // Geminated
- ع (ا ?a: // Common combinations
- ع (و ?u:
- ع (ی ?i:
- ع (ې ?e:
- ع (ۍ ?@i
- ع (ر ?r // Consonant clusters
- ع (ل ?l
- ع (ن ?n
- ع (د ?d
- ع (ت ?t
- ع (س ?s
- ع (ش ?S
- ع (ک ?k
- ع (م ?m
- _) عام ?a:m // Common/general
- _) عمر ?u'mur // Age/life
- _) علم ?i'lm // Knowledge/science
- _) عزت ?i'zat // Honor/respect
- _) عقل ?a'qal // Intellect/wisdom
- _) عادت ?a:'dat // Habit/custom
- _) عذر ?u'zur // Excuse/apology
- _) عدل ?a'dal // Justice
- _) عشق ?i'Sq // Love/passion
- _) عمل ?a'mal // Action/deed
- _) عبادت ?iba:'dat // Worship
- _) عجیب ?a'dZi:b // Strange/wonderful
- _) عاجز ?a:'dZiz // Helpless/humble
-
- .group غ
- غ Q // Updated to match ph_pashto
- غ (_ Q
- _) غ (َ Q@ // Initial with fatha
- _) غ (ِ Q@ // Initial with kasra
- _) غ (ُ Q@ // Initial with damma
- غ (L02L02 Q@ // Before consonant cluster
- غ (غ Q: // Geminated
- غان Qa:n // Common ending
- غ (ر Qr // Common cluster
- غ (ل Ql // Common cluster
- غ (ا Qa: // Common combinations
- غ (و Qu:
- غ (ی Qi:
- غ (ې Qe:
- غ (ۍ Q@i
- غ (ن Qn // Consonant clusters
- غ (د Qd
- غ (ت Qt
- غ (س Qs
- غ (ش QS
- غ (ک Qk
- غ (م Qm
- غ (ړ Qr. // Specific to Pashto
- غ (ښ QS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for غ using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) غلط Qa'lat. // Wrong (incorrect)
- _) غوښه Qu'S.a // Meat
- _) غر Qar // Mountain
- _) غاړه Qa:'r.a // Neck/collar
- _) غوږ Qu:Z. // Ear
- _) غږ Q@Z // Voice/sound
- _) غونډ Qu:nd. // Gathering/assembly
- _) غوا Qwa: // Cow
- _) غټ Qat. // Big/large
- _) غم Qam // Sorrow/grief
- _) غاښ Qa:S. // Tooth
- _) غوړ Qur. // Fat/oil
- _) غونډۍ Qu:n'd.@i // Hill/mound
- _) غورځول Qur'dz@w@l // To throw
- _) غوښتل QuS.'t@l // To want/request
- .group ف
- ف f
- ف (_ f
- _) ف (َ f@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ف (ِ f@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ف (ُ f@ // Initial with damma
- ف (L02L02 f@ // Before consonant cluster
- ف (ف f: // Geminated
- ف (غ f@'Qa: // Updated to match ph_pashto
- ف (ر fr // Common cluster
- ف (ل fl // Common cluster
- ف (ا fa: // Common combinations
- ف (و fu:
- ف (ی fi:
- ف (ې fe:
- ف (ۍ f@i
- ف (ن fn // Consonant clusters
- ف (د fd
- ف (ت ft
- ف (س fs
- ف (ش fS
- ف (ک fk
- ف (م fm
- ف (ړ fr. // Specific to Pashto
- ف (ښ fS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ف using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) فکر fi'k@r // Thought/idea
- _) فرش fa'r@S // Floor/carpet
- _) فصل fa's@l // Season/chapter
- _) فرمان far'ma:n // Order/command
- _) فوج fu:dZ // Army
- _) فیل fi:l // Elephant
- _) فارم fa:rm // Farm
- _) فلم fi'l@m // Film/movie
- _) فرق fa'r@q // Difference
- _) فیس fi:s // Fee
- _) فون fo:n // Phone
- _) فارسي fa:r'si: // Persian
- _) فضل fa'z@l // Grace/favor
- _) فتح fa't@ // Victory/conquest
- _) فریاد far'ja:d // Cry/plea
-
- .group ق
- ق q
- ق (_ q
- _) ق (َ q@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ق (ِ q@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ق (ُ q@ // Initial with damma
- ق (L02L02 q@ // Before consonant cluster
- ق (ق q: // Geminated
- ق (ر qr // Common cluster
- ق (ل ql // Common cluster
- ق (ا qa: // Common combinations
- ق (و qu:
- ق (ی qi:
- ق (ې qe:
- ق (ۍ q@i
- ق (ن qn // Consonant clusters
- ق (د qd
- ق (ت qt
- ق (س qs
- ق (ش qS
- ق (ک qk
- ق (م qm
- ق (ړ qr. // Specific to Pashto
- ق (ښ qS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ق using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) قلم qa'lam // Pen
- _) قصه qi'sa // Story
- _) قانون qa:'nu:n // Law
- _) قدرت qu'd@rat // Power
- _) قبر qa'b@r // Grave
- _) قسم qa'sam // Oath/type
- _) قلعه qa'la // Fort/castle
- _) قرآن qu'ra:n // Quran
- _) قیمت qi:'mat // Price/value
- _) قاضي qa:'zi: // Judge
- _) قطار qa'ta:r // Line/row
- _) قوم qo:m // Nation/tribe
- _) قفل qu'f@l // Lock
- _) قربان qur'ba:n // Sacrifice
- _) قطره qa't@ra // Drop
- .group ک
- ک k
- ک (_ k
- کھ k
- _) ک (َ k@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ک (ِ k@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ک (ُ k@ // Initial with damma
- ک (L02L02 k@ // Before consonant cluster
- ک (ک k: // Geminated
- ک (ت k@'t // Common sequence
- ک (تان k@'ta:n // Common ending
- ک (تاب k@'ta:b // Common word part
- کوون ko:w@n // Added for compound word "زده_کوونکی"
- ک (ر kr // Common cluster
- ک (ل kl // Common cluster
- ک (ی k@j // Common ending
- ک (ا ka: // Common combinations
- ک (و ku:
- ک (ې ke:
- ک (ۍ k@i
- ک (ن kn // Consonant clusters
- ک (د kd
- ک (س ks
- ک (ش kS
- ک (م km
- ک (ړ kr. // Specific to Pashto
- ک (ښ kS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ک using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) کتاب ki'ta:b // Book
- _) کار ka:r // Work
- _) کور ko:r // Home
- _) کال ka:l // Year
- _) کلی ku'l@j // Village
- _) کوچنی kutS'n@j // Small/child
- _) کاغذ ka:'Q@z // Paper
- _) کلمه ka'lima // Word
- _) کمپیوټر k@mpju:'t.@r // Computer
- _) کرکټ kri'k@t. // Cricket
- _) کیسه ki:'sa // Story/tale
- _) کمره ka'mra // Camera
- _) کوټه ko:'t.a // Room
- _) کښې k@'S.e: // Inside
- _) کړه k@'r.a // Did (feminine)
- .group ګ
- ګ g
- ګ (_ g
- ګھ g
- _) ګ (َ g@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ګ (ِ g@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ګ (ُ g@ // Initial with damma
- ګ (L02L02 g@ // Before consonant cluster
- ګ (ګ g: // Geminated
- ګ (ر g@'r // Common sequence
- ګ (ړ g@r. // Common sequence
- ګ (ی g@j // Common ending
- ګ (ا ga: // Common combinations
- ګ (و gu:
- ګ (ې ge:
- ګ (ۍ g@i
- ګ (ل gl // Consonant clusters
- ګ (ن gn
- ګ (د gd
- ګ (ت gt
- ګ (س gs
- ګ (ش gS
- ګ (ک gk
- ګ (م gm
- ګ (ښ gS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ګ using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) ګل gul // Flower
- _) ګرم g@'r@m // Hot/warm
- _) ګوته go:'ta // Finger
- _) ګړندی g@r.'@n'd@j // Fast
- _) ګاډی ga:'d.@j // Vehicle/car
- _) ګټه ga't.a // Benefit/profit
- _) ګڼه ga'n.a // Count/number
- _) ګډون ga'd.o:n // Participation
- _) ګومان gu'ma:n // Thought/opinion
- _) ګوښه go:'S.a // Corner/isolated
- _) ګیلاس gi:'la:s // Cherry/glass
- _) ګیډه ge:'d.a // Stomach/belly
- _) ګران g@'ra:n // Dear/expensive
- .group ل
- ل l
- ل (_ l
- _) ل (َ l@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ل (ِ l@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ل (ُ l@ // Initial with damma
- ل (L02L02 l@ // Before consonant cluster
- ل (ل l: // Geminated
- ل (م l@'m // Common sequence
- ل (و lw // Common cluster
- ل (ی l@j // Common ending
- ل (ا la: // Common combinations
- ل (ې le:
- ل (ۍ l@i
- ل (ر lr // Consonant clusters
- ل (ن ln
- ل (د ld
- ل (ت lt
- ل (س ls
- ل (ش lS
- ل (ک lk
- ل (ګ lg
- ل (ړ lr. // Specific to Pashto
- ل (ښ lS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ل using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) لاس la:s // Hand
- _) لمر l@'m@r // Sun
- _) لوی lo:j // Big/large
- _) لږ l@Z // Little/few
- _) لار la:r // Path/way
- _) لوبه lo:'ba // Game/play
- _) لیک li:k // Writing/letter
- _) لوستل lo:s't@l // To read
- _) لرل la'r@l // To have
- _) لمبا l@m'ba: // Swimming
- _) لوړ lo:r. // High/tall
- _) لیدل li:'d@l // To see
-
- .group م
- م m
- م (_ m
- _) م (َ m@ // Initial with fatha
- _) م (ِ m@ // Initial with kasra
- _) م (ُ m@ // Initial with damma
- م (L02L02 m@ // Before consonant cluster
- م (م m: // Geminated
- م (س m@'s // Common sequence
- م (سل m@s@l // Common sequence
- م (ر mr // Common cluster
- م (ل ml // Common cluster
- م (ی m@j // Common ending
- م (و mw // Common cluster
- م (ن m@n // Common sequence
- م (ا ma: // Common combinations
- م (ې me:
- م (ۍ m@i
- م (د md // Consonant clusters
- م (ت mt
- م (ش mS
- م (ک mk
- م (ګ mg
- م (ړ mr. // Specific to Pashto
- م (ښ mS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for م using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) مور mo:r // Mother
- _) مور mo:r // Mother
- _) مینه mi:'na // Love
- _) مړ m@r. // Dead
- _) ماشوم ma:'Su:m // Child
- _) مځکه m@'ts@ka // Earth/ground
- _) مخ m@X // Face
- _) مرسته m@r@s'ta // Help
- _) مڼه m@'n.a // Apple
- _) ملګری m@l'g@r@j // Friend
- _) مات ma:t // Broken
- _) میاشت mi:'a:St // Month
- _) مچ m@tS // Kiss/fly
- .group ن
- ن n
- ن (_ n
- _) ن (َ n@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ن (ِ n@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ن (ُ n@ // Initial with damma
- ن (L02L02 n@ // Before consonant cluster
- ن (ن n: // Geminated
- ن (س n@s // Common sequence
- ن (ستان n@s'ta:n // Common ending
- ن (ر nr // Common cluster
- ن (ی n@j // Common ending
- ن (ه n@ // Before he
- ن (ا na: // Common combinations
- ن (و nu:
- ن (ې ne:
- ن (ۍ n@i
- ن (ل nl // Consonant clusters
- ن (د nd
- ن (ت nt
- ن (س ns
- ن (ش nS
- ن (ک nk
- ن (ګ ng
- ن (م nm
- ن (ړ nr. // Specific to Pashto
- ن (ښ nS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ن using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) نن n@n // Today
- _) نوم no:m // Name
- _) نړۍ n@'r.@i // World
- _) نوی n@'w@j // New
- _) ناست na:st // Sitting
- _) نیول ni:'w@l // To catch/take
- _) نمر n@'m@r // Sun
- _) نښه n@'S.a // Sign/mark
- _) نږدې n@Z'de: // Near/close
- _) نظر na'z@r // Opinion/view
- _) نغمه n@Q'ma // Melody/song
- _) نمونه n@mu:'na // Example/sample
-
- .group ڼ
- ڼ n.
- ڼ (_ n.
- _) ڼ (َ n.@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ڼ (ِ n.@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ڼ (ُ n.@ // Initial with damma
- ڼ (L02L02 n.@ // Before consonant cluster
- ڼ (ڼ n.: // Geminated
- ڼ (ی n.@j // Common ending
- ڼ (ا n.a: // Common combinations
- ڼ (و n.u:
- ڼ (ې n.e:
- ڼ (ۍ n.@i
- ڼ (ر n.r // Consonant clusters
- ڼ (ل n.l
- ڼ (د n.d
- ڼ (ت n.t
- ڼ (س n.s
- ڼ (ش n.S
- ڼ (ک n.k
- ڼ (ګ n.g
- ڼ (م n.m
- ڼ (ړ n.r. // Specific to Pashto
- ڼ (ښ n.S. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ڼ using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) ڼڼ n.: // Retroflex nasal geminate
- _) ڼه n.@ // Retroflex nasal with he
- _) ڼۍ n.@i // Retroflex nasal with ye
- _) ڼګ n.@g // Retroflex nasal with gaf
- _) ڼډ n.@d. // Retroflex nasal with retroflex d
- _) ڼټ n.@t. // Retroflex nasal with retroflex t
- _) ڼړ n.@r. // Retroflex nasal with retroflex r
- _) ڼښ n.@S. // Retroflex nasal with retroflex sh
- _) ڼکی n.@'k@j // Retroflex nasal with kaf and ye
- _) ڼګی n.@'g@j // Retroflex nasal with gaf and ye
- _) ڼوال n.@'wa:l // Retroflex nasal with waw and lam
- _) ڼیز n.@'ji:z // Retroflex nasal with ye and ze
-
- .group و
- و w
- _) و w
- _) وا wa:
- و (_ u:
- وع o
- و (L03 w
- وٗ u:
- وی wi:
- وَ wa
- و (ن u:n
- _) و (َ w@ // Initial with fatha
- _) و (ِ w@ // Initial with kasra
- _) و (ُ w@ // Initial with damma
- L02) و (L02 w // Medial between consonants
- L02) و (_ u: // Final after consonant
- و (ل wl // Common cluster
- و (ر wr // Common cluster
- و (ی w@j // Common ending
- و (ا wa: // Common combinations
- و (ې we:
- و (ۍ w@i
- و (د wd // Consonant clusters
- و (ت wt
- و (س ws
- و (ش wS
- و (ک wk
- و (ګ wg
- و (م wm
- و (ن wn
- و (ړ wr. // Specific to Pashto
- و (ښ wS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for و using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) وخت wa'X@t // Time
- _) واده wa:'da // Marriage
- _) ویل wi:l // To say
- _) وړ w@r. // Worthy/capable
- _) وږی w@'Z.@j // Hungry
- _) وطن wa't.@n // Country/homeland
- _) ولس w@'l@s // Nation/people
- _) وینه wi:'na // Blood
- _) وروسته wru:'sta // After/later
- _) وریځ w@'ri:dZ // Cloud
- _) وږمه w@Z.'ma // Breeze
- _) وړاندې wr.a:n'de: // Forward/ahead
-
- .group ه
- ه h
- ه (_ h
- _) ه (L01 h
- ه (L01 h
- هی hi:
- هے he:
- هو ho:
- هُو hu:
- ه (ن h@n
- ه (تون h@n'tu:n
- _) ه (َ h@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ه (ِ h@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ه (ُ h@ // Initial with damma
- L02) ه (L02 h@ // Medial between consonants
- L02) ه (_ @h // Final after consonant
- ه (ی h@j // Common ending
- ه (و hw // Common cluster
- ه (ا ha: // Common combinations
- ه (ې he:
- ه (ۍ h@i
- ه (ر hr // Consonant clusters
- ه (ل hl
- ه (د hd
- ه (ت ht
- ه (س hs
- ه (ش hS
- ه (ک hk
- ه (ګ hg
- ه (م hm
- ه (ړ hr. // Specific to Pashto
- ه (ښ hS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ه using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) هغه ha'Q@ // That/he/she
- _) هر har // Every
- _) هېڅ he:tS // Nothing
- _) هوا ha'wa: // Air
- _) هلک ha'l@k // Boy
- _) هلته hal'ta // There
- _) هېواد he:'wa:d // Country
- _) هوډ ho:d. // Determination
- _) هنر hu'nar // Art/skill
- _) هوښیار ho:S'ja:r // Intelligent
- _) هډوکی had.o:'ki: // Bone
- _) هڅه ha'ts@ // Effort/try
-
- .group ی
- ی j
- ی (L01 j
- ی (_ i:
- یٰ a:
- یک j@k // For compound words ending with کی
- _) ی (َ j@ // Initial with fatha
- _) ی (ِ j@ // Initial with kasra
- _) ی (ُ j@ // Initial with damma
- L02) ی (L02 j // Medial between consonants
- L02) ی (_ i: // Final after consonant
- ی (ی j: // Geminated
- ی (و jw // Common cluster
- ی (ن j@n // Common sequence
- ی (ا ja: // Common combinations
- ی (ې je:
- ی (ۍ j@i
- ی (ر jr // Consonant clusters
- ی (ل jl
- ی (د jd
- ی (ت jt
- ی (س js
- ی (ش jS
- ی (ک jk
- ی (ګ jg
- ی (م jm
- ی (ړ jr. // Specific to Pashto
- ی (ښ jS. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ی using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) یو jaw // One
- _) یار ja:r // Friend
- _) یاد ja:d // Memory/remembrance
- _) یخ jax // Ice/cold
- _) یقین ja'qi:n // Certainty/belief
- _) یون ju:n // Movement
- _) یوازې ja'wa:ze: // Alone
- _) یرغل jar'Qal // Attack/invasion
- _) یوځای jaw'dza:j // Together
- _) یوسف ju:'suf // Yusuf (name)
- _) یاغي ja:'Qi: // Rebel
- _) یادونه ja:do:'na // Memories/reminders
- .group ې
- ې e:
- ې (_ e:
- _) ې 'e: // Initial with stress
- L02) ې (L02 e: // Medial between consonants
- L02) ې (_ e: // Final after consonant
- ې (ی e:j // Common sequence
- ې (و e:w // Common sequence
- ې (ا e:a: // Common combinations
- ې (ر e:r // Consonant clusters
- ې (ل e:l
- ې (د e:d
- ې (ت e:t
- ې (س e:s
- ې (ش e:S
- ې (ک e:k
- ې (ګ e:g
- ې (م e:m
- ې (ن e:n
- ې (ړ e:r. // Specific to Pashto
- ې (ښ e:S. // Updated to match ph_pashto
- // Common word examples for ې using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) ېوان e:'wa:n // Veranda/porch
- _) ېښ e:S. // Awake
- _) ېره e:'ra // Fear
- _) ېږد e:Z.d // Movement
- _) ېږي e:'Z.i: // Is being (verb suffix)
- _) ېړۍ e:r.'@i // Ship/boat
- _) ېل e:l // Separate
- _) ېلاق e:'la:q // Divorce
- _) ېمه e:'ma // Ordinal suffix
- _) ېنه e:'na // Sitting
-
- .group ۍ
- ۍ @i
- ۍ (_ @i
- _) ۍ '@i // Initial with stress
- L02) ۍ (L02 @i // Medial between consonants
- L02) ۍ (_ @i // Final after consonant
- ۍ (ا @ia: // Common combinations
- ۍ (و @iu:
- ۍ (ر @ir // Consonant clusters
- ۍ (ل @il
- ۍ (د @id
- ۍ (ت @it
- ۍ (س @is
- ۍ (ش @iS
- ۍ (ک @ik
- ۍ (ګ @ig
- ۍ (م @im
- ۍ (ن @in
- ۍ (ړ @ir. // Specific to Pashto
- ۍ (ښ @iS. // Retroflex fricative
- // Common word examples for ۍ using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) ۍ '@i // Suffix for feminine nouns
- _) ۍډو '@id.o // Feminine form of "filled"
- _) ۍنه '@ina // Feminine form of "sitting"
- _) ۍګۍ '@ig@i // Small feminine object (diminutive)
- _) ۍړه '@ir.a // Feminine form with retroflex
- _) ۍښه '@iS.a // Feminine form with retroflex fricative
- _) ۍزه '@iza // Feminine form with z
- _) ۍخه '@iXa // Feminine form with uvular fricative
- _) ۍغه '@iQa // Feminine form with voiced uvular
- _) ۍچه '@itSa // Feminine form with affricate
- _) ۍځه '@idza // Feminine form with voiced affricate
- .group ئ
- ئ j
- ئ (_ j
- _) ئ j // Initial
- L02) ئ (L02 j // Medial between consonants
- L02) ئ (_ j // Final after consonant
- ئ (ا ja: // Common combinations
- ئ (و ju:
- ئ (ی ji:
- ئ (ې je:
- ئ (ۍ j@i
- ئ (ر jr // Consonant clusters
- ئ (ل jl
- ئ (د jd
- ئ (ت jt
- ئ (س js
- ئ (ش jS
- ئ (ک jk
- ئ (ګ jg
- ئ (م jm
- ئ (ن jn
- ئ (ړ jr. // Retroflex flap
- ئ (ښ jS. // Retroflex fricative
- // Common word examples for ئ using phonemes defined in ph_pashto
- _) ئې 'je: // You (plural imperative)
- _) ئیل 'ji:l // To say (imperative)
- _) ئړل 'jr.@l // To carry (imperative)
- _) ئښل 'jS.@l // To pull (imperative)
- _) ئږل 'jZ.@l // To press (imperative)
- _) ئځل 'jdz@l // To go (imperative)
- _) ئڅل 'jts@l // To drink (imperative)
- _) ئډل 'jd.@l // To fill (imperative)
- _) ئټل 'jt.@l // To push (imperative)
- _) ئګل 'jg@l // To sew (imperative)
- _) ئخل 'jX@l // To take (imperative)
- _) ئغل 'jQ@l // To call (imperative)
-
- // Special rules for common word patterns
- .group
- _) زده (کوونکی zd@_ko:w'@nk@j // Student (complete word)
- _) کتاب k@'ta:b // Book
- _) ښوونکی S.o:w'@nk@j // Teacher (updated to use S. for ښ)
- _) پښتو p@S.'to // Pashto (updated to use S. for ښ)
- _) افغانستان afQa:n@s'ta:n // Afghanistan (updated to use Q for غ)
- _) کابل ka:'b@l // Kabul
- _) ننګرهار n@ng@r'ha:r // Nangarhar
- _) کندهار k@nd@'ha:r // Kandahar
- _) پکتیا p@k'tja: // Paktia
- _) خوست Xost // Khost (updated to use X for خ)
- _) لوګر lo'g@r // Logar
- _) غزنی Q@z'ni // Ghazni (updated to use Q for غ)
- _) هلمند h@l'mand // Helmand
- _) بلخ balX // Balkh (updated to use X for خ)
- _) هرات h@'ra:t // Herat
- _) بدخشان badaX'Sa:n // Badakhshan (updated to use X for خ)
- _) ورځ wr@dz // Day
- _) شپه S@'pe: // Night
- _) سړی s@'r.@j // Man
- _) ښځه S.@'dz@ // Woman (updated to use S. for ښ)
- _) ماشوم ma:'Sum // Child
- _) کور kor // House
- _) ښوونځی S.o:w'@ndz@j // School (updated to use S. for ښ)
- _) پوهنتون poh@n'tu:n // University
- _) ډوډۍ d.o'd.@i // Bread
- _) اوبه o'b@ // Water
- _) غر Q'@r // Mountain (updated to use Q for غ)
- _) غږ Q'Z. // Sound/voice (غږ)
- _) ږغ Z.'Q // Call/shout (ږغ)
- _) سیند si:nd // River
- _) اږدود aZ.'du:d // Tradition
- _) مږ m@Z. // Mouse
- _) ږمونږ Z.mu:nZ. // Our/us
- _) لږ l@Z. // Little/few
- _) نږدې n@Z.'de: // Near/close
- _) پاږه pa:'Z.a // Strain/filter
- _) وږی w@'Z.aj // Hungry
- _) غږېدل [email protected]:d@l // To speak/sound
- _) غږول [email protected]@l // To make a sound
- _) ږغېدل Z.@Qe:d@l // To call out
- _) نږغږ [email protected]@Z. // Harmony/accord
- _) باغ ba:Q // Garden
- _) چاغ tSa:Q // Fat/plump
- _) دروغ d@'r,o:Q // Lie (falsehood)
- _) مرغ m@rQ // Bird
-
- // Eastern dialect variation for ږ
- _) ږ g // Word-initial ږ in Eastern dialect
- L02) ږ (L02 g // Word-medial ږ in Eastern dialect
- L02) ږ (_ g // Word-final ږ in Eastern dialect
-
- // Standard (Southern/Western) pronunciation remains Z.
- _) ږ Z. // Standard pronunciation
-
-
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