| @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ | |||
| # Phonemes | |||
| - [IPA Charts](#ipa-charts) | |||
| - [IPA Phonemes](#ipa-phonemes) | |||
| - [Consonants (Pulmonic)](#consonants-pulmonic) | |||
| - [Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)](#consonants-non-pulmonic) | |||
| - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | |||
| - [Gemination](#gemination) | |||
| - [Vowels](#vowels) | |||
| - [Features](#features) | |||
| - [Air Flow](#air-flow) | |||
| @@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ | |||
| - [Diacritics](#diacritics) | |||
| - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) | |||
| - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) | |||
| - [Gemination](#gemination) | |||
| - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) | |||
| - [Articulation](#articulation) | |||
| - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation-1) | |||
| @@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ article can be used as a starting point, as it links to topics and descriptions | |||
| of the various phonemes. | |||
| The diacritics and suprasegmental feature lists also show their corresponding | |||
| IPA symbol. This is to avoid duplicating the lists in the IPA chart and Feature | |||
| IPA symbol. This is to avoid duplicating the lists in the IPA Phonemes and Feature | |||
| sections. | |||
| ## IPA Charts | |||
| ## IPA Phonemes | |||
| ## Consonants (Pulmonic) | |||
| @@ -409,6 +409,21 @@ Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonatio | |||
| | p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` | | |||
| | b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` | | |||
| ##### Gemination | |||
| Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. | |||
| It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as | |||
| "lamppost" and "evenness". | |||
| Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. | |||
| The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) | |||
| when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. | |||
| The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, | |||
| with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a | |||
| geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the | |||
| mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. | |||
| ### Vowels | |||
| <table> | |||
| @@ -657,21 +672,6 @@ __NOTE:__ `sib` is not used in the IPA charts. | |||
| __NOTE:__ The `nrs` and `lrs` features are not defined in Cainteoir Text-to-Speech. | |||
| ##### Gemination | |||
| Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. | |||
| It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as | |||
| "lamppost" and "evenness". | |||
| Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. | |||
| The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) | |||
| when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. | |||
| The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, | |||
| with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a | |||
| geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the | |||
| mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. | |||
| #### Fortis and Lenis | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||