| # Phonemes | # Phonemes | ||||
| - [IPA Charts](#ipa-charts) | |||||
| - [IPA Phonemes](#ipa-phonemes) | |||||
| - [Consonants (Pulmonic)](#consonants-pulmonic) | - [Consonants (Pulmonic)](#consonants-pulmonic) | ||||
| - [Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)](#consonants-non-pulmonic) | - [Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)](#consonants-non-pulmonic) | ||||
| - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | ||||
| - [Gemination](#gemination) | |||||
| - [Vowels](#vowels) | - [Vowels](#vowels) | ||||
| - [Features](#features) | - [Features](#features) | ||||
| - [Air Flow](#air-flow) | - [Air Flow](#air-flow) | ||||
| - [Diacritics](#diacritics) | - [Diacritics](#diacritics) | ||||
| - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) | - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) | ||||
| - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) | - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) | ||||
| - [Gemination](#gemination) | |||||
| - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) | - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) | ||||
| - [Articulation](#articulation) | - [Articulation](#articulation) | ||||
| - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation-1) | - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation-1) | ||||
| of the various phonemes. | of the various phonemes. | ||||
| The diacritics and suprasegmental feature lists also show their corresponding | The diacritics and suprasegmental feature lists also show their corresponding | ||||
| IPA symbol. This is to avoid duplicating the lists in the IPA chart and Feature | |||||
| IPA symbol. This is to avoid duplicating the lists in the IPA Phonemes and Feature | |||||
| sections. | sections. | ||||
| ## IPA Charts | |||||
| ## IPA Phonemes | |||||
| ## Consonants (Pulmonic) | ## Consonants (Pulmonic) | ||||
| | p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` | | | p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` | | ||||
| | b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` | | | b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` | | ||||
| ##### Gemination | |||||
| Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. | |||||
| It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as | |||||
| "lamppost" and "evenness". | |||||
| Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. | |||||
| The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) | |||||
| when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. | |||||
| The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, | |||||
| with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a | |||||
| geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the | |||||
| mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. | |||||
| ### Vowels | ### Vowels | ||||
| <table> | <table> | ||||
| __NOTE:__ The `nrs` and `lrs` features are not defined in Cainteoir Text-to-Speech. | __NOTE:__ The `nrs` and `lrs` features are not defined in Cainteoir Text-to-Speech. | ||||
| ##### Gemination | |||||
| Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. | |||||
| It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as | |||||
| "lamppost" and "evenness". | |||||
| Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. | |||||
| The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) | |||||
| when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. | |||||
| The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, | |||||
| with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a | |||||
| geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the | |||||
| mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. | |||||
| #### Fortis and Lenis | #### Fortis and Lenis | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | |