Valdis Vitolins
8 years ago
1 changed files with 38 additions and 36 deletions
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docs/phonemes.md
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| @@ -12,13 +12,12 @@ | |||
| - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) | |||
| - [Active Articulators](#active-articulators) | |||
| - [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators) | |||
| - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) | |||
| - [Consonants](#consonants) | |||
| - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) | |||
| - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) | |||
| - [Vowels](#vowels-1) | |||
| - [Height](#height) | |||
| - [Backness](#backness) | |||
| - [Rounding](#rounding) | |||
| - [Diacritics](#diacritics) | |||
| - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) | |||
| - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) | |||
| @@ -353,12 +352,15 @@ Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonatio | |||
| ### Other Symbols | |||
| | Symbol | Features | | |||
| |--------|-------------------------| | |||
| | ʍ | `vls` `lbv` `apr` | | |||
| | w | `mdv` `lbv` `apr` | | |||
| | ɥ | `mdv` `lbp` `apr` | | |||
| | ɧ | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | | |||
| | Symbol | Alternative | Features | | |||
| |--------|-------------|-------------------------| | |||
| | ʍ | ɰ̊ʷ | `vls` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | | |||
| | w | ɰʷ | `mdv` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | | |||
| | ɥ | jʷ | `mdv` `pal` `ptr` `apr` | | |||
| | ɧ | | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | | |||
| | k͡p | | `vls` `lbv` `stp` | | |||
| | ɡ͡b | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | | |||
| | ŋ͡m | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | | |||
| ### Vowels | |||
| @@ -465,20 +467,21 @@ The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and | |||
| one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The | |||
| possible places of articulation are: | |||
| | Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Passive | | |||
| |-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|---------| | |||
| | bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | |||
| | labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | `utt` | | |||
| | dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | `utt` | | |||
| | alveolar | `alv` | | `apc` | `alf` | | |||
| | palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | `alb` | | |||
| | retroflex | `rfx` | | `sac` | `hpl` | | |||
| | alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | `alb` | | |||
| | palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | `hpl` | | |||
| | velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | `spl` | | |||
| | uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | `uvu` | | |||
| | pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | `prx` | | |||
| | glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | `gts` | | |||
| | Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Passive | | |||
| |-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------| | |||
| | bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | | |||
| | labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | | |||
| | dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | | |||
| | alveolar | `alv` | | `apc` | | `alf` | | |||
| | palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | `alb` | | |||
| | retroflex | `rfx` | | `sac` | | `hpl` | | |||
| | alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | `alb` | | |||
| | palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | `hpl` | | |||
| | velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | `spl` | | |||
| | labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | `spl` | | |||
| | uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | `uvu` | | |||
| | pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | `prx` | | |||
| | glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | `gts` | | |||
| The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and | |||
| to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and | |||
| @@ -517,14 +520,21 @@ consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. | |||
| | `egs` | epiglottis | | |||
| | `gts` | glottis | | |||
| ### Consonants | |||
| ### Rounding and Labialization | |||
| #### Co-articulation | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | Rounded | Position | | |||
| |---------|--------|------------|---------|-----------------------------------------| | |||
| | `unr` | | unrounded | No | Close to the jaw. | | |||
| | `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | Yes | Protrude outward from the jaw. | | |||
| | `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | Yes | Close to the jaw. | | |||
| | `rnd` | | rounded | Yes | `ptr` if `bck` or `cnt`; `cmp` if `fnt` | | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----------------| | |||
| | `lbv` | `lbv` | labial-velar | | |||
| | `lbp` | | labial-palatal | | |||
| The `unr` and `rnd` features are used for vowels to describe their default | |||
| labialization. Consonants are `unr` by default, and can use the ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ and ◌ᵝ | |||
| annotations to specify the type of labialization. Vowels can use these to | |||
| change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. | |||
| ### Consonants | |||
| #### Manner of Articulation | |||
| @@ -575,13 +585,6 @@ __NOTE:__ `sib` is not used in the IPA charts. | |||
| | `cnt` | `cnt` | center | | |||
| | `bck` | `bck` | back | | |||
| #### Rounding | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----------------| | |||
| | `unr` | `unr` | unrounded | | |||
| | `rnd` | `rnd` | rounded | | |||
| ### Diacritics | |||
| #### Syllabicity | |||
| @@ -662,7 +665,6 @@ diacritics. | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | |||
| | `mrd` | | ◌̹ | more rounded | | |||
| | `lrd` | | ◌̜ | less rounded | | |||
| | `lzd` | `lzd` | ◌ʷ | labialized or labio-velarized | | |||
| | `pzd` | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | | |||
| | `vzd` | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | | |||
| | `fzd` | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | | |||
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