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docs/phonemes.md: restructure the phonation features.

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Reece H. Dunn 8 years ago
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- [Initiator](#initiator) - [Initiator](#initiator)
- [Target](#target) - [Target](#target)
- [Manner](#manner) - [Manner](#manner)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Voice](#voice)
- [References](#references) - [References](#references)


---------- ----------
| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. | | `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. | | `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |


## Phonation

The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `vls` | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. |
| `brv` | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. |
| `slv` | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. |
| `mdv` | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. |
| `stv` | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. |
| `crv` | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. |
| `glc` | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. |

### Voice

| Voice | Feature | Phoneme Model |
|-----------|---------|---------------|
| voiceless | `vls` | `vls` |
| voiced | `vcd` | `mdv` |

## References ## References


1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan, 1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,

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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Gemination](#gemination) - [Gemination](#gemination)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Voice](#voice)
- [Vowels](#vowels) - [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Diacritics](#diacritics) - [Diacritics](#diacritics)
- [Articulation](#articulation) - [Articulation](#articulation)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow) - [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Features](#features)
- [Phonation](#phonation) - [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Features](#features)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators) - [Active Articulators](#active-articulators)
- [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators) - [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators)
</tr> </tr>
</table> </table>


Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonation.
Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`.


### Other Symbols ### Other Symbols


| Symbol | Alternative | Features | | Symbol | Alternative | Features |
|--------|-------------|-------------------------| |--------|-------------|-------------------------|
| ʍ | ɰ̊ʷ | `vls` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | | ʍ | ɰ̊ʷ | `vls` `vel` `ptr` `apr` |
| w | ɰʷ | `mdv` `vel` `ptr` `apr` |
| ɥ | jʷ | `mdv` `pal` `ptr` `apr` |
| w | ɰʷ | `vcd` `vel` `ptr` `apr` |
| ɥ | jʷ | `vcd` `pal` `ptr` `apr` |
| ɧ | | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | | ɧ | | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` |
| ɫ | | `mdv` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` |
| ɫ | | `vcd` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` |
| ɚ | | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | ɚ | | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
| ɝ | | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | ɝ | | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
| k͡p | | `vls` `lbv` `stp` | | k͡p | | `vls` `lbv` `stp` |
| ɡ͡b | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` |
| ŋ͡m | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` |
| ɡ͡b | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` |
| ŋ͡m | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` |
| p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` | | p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` |
| b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` |
| b͡v | | `vcd` `bld` `afr` |


### Gemination ### Gemination


| `lat` | lateral | | `lat` | lateral |
| `sib` | sibilant | | `sib` | sibilant |



### Voice

| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------|
| `vls` | voiceless |
| `vcd` | voiced |

## Vowels ## Vowels


<table> <table>
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).


## Features

### Phonation ### Phonation


The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.

| Feature | Symbol | Name | Description |
|---------|--------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `vls` | | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. |
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. |
| `mdv` | | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. |
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure |


The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `mdv` consonant that does not have an
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an
equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.


## Features

### Place of Articulation ### Place of Articulation


The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and

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