phoneme @
  vowel starttype (@) endtype (@)
  length 140
  formants vowel/@_low
  unstressed
endphoneme



phoneme a
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (a)
  length 180
  formants vowel/a
  reduceto a/ 1
endphoneme


phoneme E
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (e)
  length 180
  formants vowel/e_mid
  reduceto @ 1
endphoneme

phoneme E2   // as [E] but don't reduce to [@]
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (e)
  length 180
  formants vowel/e_mid
endphoneme


phoneme e
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (e)
  length 180
  formants vowel/e
endphoneme


phoneme i
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 180
  formants vowel/i_6
  linkout ;
endphoneme


phoneme O
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 180
  formants vowel/oo
endphoneme


phoneme o
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 180
  formants vowel/o
endphoneme


phoneme u
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 180
  formants vowel/u
endphoneme


phoneme aI
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (i)
  length 240
  formants vdiph/ai
endphoneme

phoneme eI
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (i)
  length 240
  formants vdiph/eei_2
endphoneme

phoneme aU
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (u)
  length 240
  formants vdiph/au_4
endphoneme

phoneme @U
  vowel starttype (@) endtype (u)
  length 240
  formants vdiph/@u_en
endphoneme



phoneme d   // English [d]
  vcd alv stop
  vowelin f1=1  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  formants d/d+x/d
  before _ d/d_+x/d_
  before r d/dr+x/d
  after _ NULL
  after @ d/xd
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing t
endphoneme