- fixed/removed not working rules in be_list
- added stress to the words in be_list
- fixed multi thousand transcription
- removed not working rules in be_rules
- added rules of palatalization, phonemes lengthen
- fixed dropping of [a] at the end of words
- fixed message "Full dictionary is not installed for"
- added configuration in tr_languages.c
- fixed/added phonemes for `Q`, `ts`, `ts;`, `dz`, `dz.`, `;` etc
This patch strip out dependency on Russian, as its complicated relationship
between spelling and pronunciation overburden rules for Belarusian. The rules
themselves are also added. They don't have devoicing at the end of the words
for now. Also, gemination of consonants doesn't work as expected, as it seems
on the top of this rule some other rules apply. This after-processing is
responsible also for the strange behaviour of ending [a].
cmn: search for dictionary matches instead of translating characters.
cmn (Mandarin chinese) has been broken since 4825905.
This fix makes mandarin behave more like Cantonese. Instead of
translating characters, we search for dictionary matches.
The functionality of normal vs Chao tones should be investigated more.
Looks like latin characters as pinyin still uses Chao tones whereas
the characters in cmn_list and cmn_listx do not.
See #1044 for discussion. See also #1028 and #1163.
This commit implements support for [Totontepec Mixe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totontepec_Mixe). The Espeak rules are based on the phonological inventory, orthographic mappings, and phonetic processes described in the "Esbozo fonológico" (phonological outline/sketch) chapter of Verónica Guzmán Guzmán's 2012 master's thesis in Indo American Linguistics awarded by the [Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social](https://ciesas.edu.mx/) and *Vocabulario Mixe de Totontepec* (Totontepec Mixe vocabulary), compiled by Alvin Schoenhals and Louise C. Schoenhals and published by the Summer Institute of Linguistics in 1965.
This commit was developed as part of a project for [Computational Linguistics](https://jnw.domains.swarthmore.edu/ling073/syllabus.php) at [Swarthmore College](https://swarthmore.edu). We feel that this language is suitable for merge with "testing" status, but further verification/improvements by native speakers would be very helpful.
co-authored-by: Elizabeth Resendiz <[email protected]>
⟨o⟩ almost certainly represents [ɔ] – Appendix E of The Lord of the
Rings describes it as the sound in English “for”. This means we should
use a phoneme [[O]], not [[o]]; we should also create our own phoneme
for this, since the one we inherit from Latin sounds much more like [o]
to me.
In Quenya, long ⟨ó⟩ (and, presumably, ⟨ô⟩) is, according to Appendix E,
“tenser and ‘closer’”, which presumably means [o]. (Online sources seem
to agree.) The Latin [[o:]] phoneme works well enough for this.
In Sindarin, ⟨ó⟩ has “the same quality” as ⟨o⟩ according to Appendix E,
so emit it as [[O:]] for [ɔː]. This sounds sensible enough te me.
I’m undecided whether “Lothlórien” should be in sjn_list, to pronounce
it with [oː] instead of [ɔː]. It’s composed of Sindarin “loth” and
Quenya “Lórien”, so that could potentially justify a pronunciation with
a Quenya ⟨ó⟩. But then again, maybe it should be a standard Sindarin
⟨ó⟩. For now, I’ve opted to not add it; in the film The Fellowship of
the Ring, Aragorn (Viggo Mortensen) says “Lothlórien” after the
Fellowship leave Moria, and to me his ⟨ó⟩ sounds more like [ɔː] than
[oː], so if this is wrong, at least it’s no more wrong than the famous
movie adaptation :)
⟨e⟩ almost certainly always represents [ɛ], not [e]. Appendix E of The
Lord of the Rings describes it as the sound in English “were”, and I’m
not aware of any English dialect that pronounces “were” with an [e].
In Quenya, long ⟨é⟩ (and, presumably, ⟨ê⟩) is, according to Appendix E,
“tenser and ‘closer’”, which I assume means [e]. Several online sources
agree with this as well.
In Sindarin, Appendix E is quite clear that ⟨é⟩ has “the same quality”
as ⟨e⟩, only differring from it in length: I assume this must mean that
⟨é⟩ is [ɛː] in Sindarin. The online information on this is confusing and
sometimes contradictory even within the same page; several sources claim
that Sindarin has an [eː], but I have not seen this claim substantiated
with a source from Tolkien, and I suspect it’s simply a confusion with
Quenya. It scarcely matters, anyway: Sindarin words with ⟨é⟩ or ⟨ê⟩ seem
to be pretty rare. (I’m aware of a single word with an ⟨é⟩ – the name
Eluréd, son of Dior – and the Omikhleia Sindarin dictionary [1] features
some words with ⟨ê⟩, giving their pronunciation with [ɛː].)
The [[EI]] phoneme for Sindarin ⟨ei⟩ is copied from the base2 phonemes.
[1]: https://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/index.html
Filomena Rocca