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Document the origin of the phoneme features in phonemes.md.

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This document extends Evan Kirshenbaum's feature set to be able to describe the This document extends Evan Kirshenbaum's feature set to be able to describe the
different phonemes in the IPA and as are used in the various languages of the different phonemes in the IPA and as are used in the various languages of the
world.
world. The origin column is used to describe where the feature originated from:
1. `kirshenbaum` -- The feature originated from Evan Kirshenbaum's ASCII-IPA
Feature Abbreviation table in Appendix A of his ASCII-IPA document
<sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\], \[<a href="#ref2">2</a>\]</sup>.
1. `cainteoir` -- The feature originated from the Cainteoir Text-to-Speech
phoneme features <sup>\[<a href="#ref5">5</a>\].
1. `espeak-ng` -- The features originate from the eSpeak NG Text-to-Speech
program, and are defined in this document.


The goal of this document is not to provide a detailed guide on phonetics. Nor The goal of this document is not to provide a detailed guide on phonetics. Nor
is it intended to be able to accurately record differences in IPA diacritics. is it intended to be able to accurately record differences in IPA diacritics.


### Manner of Articulation ### Manner of Articulation


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|-----------|--------|----------------|
| `nas` | | nasal |
| `stp` | | plosive (stop) |
| `afr` | | affricate |
| `frc` | | fricative |
| `flp` | | tap/flap |
| `trl` | | trill |
| `apr` | | approximant |
| `clk` | | click |
| `ejc` | ◌ʼ | ejective |
| `imp` | | implosive |
| `vwl` | | vowel |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|-----------|--------|----------------|---------------|
| `nas` | | nasal | `kirshenbaum` |
| `stp` | | plosive (stop) | `kirshenbaum` |
| `afr` | | affricate | `espeak-ng` |
| `frc` | | fricative | `kirshenbaum` |
| `flp` | | tap/flap | `kirshenbaum` |
| `trl` | | trill | `kirshenbaum` |
| `apr` | | approximant | `kirshenbaum` |
| `clk` | | click | `kirshenbaum` |
| `ejc` | ◌ʼ | ejective | `kirshenbaum` |
| `imp` | | implosive | `kirshenbaum` |
| `vwl` | | vowel | `kirshenbaum` |


The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features, The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features,
while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using
Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following
features: features:


| Feature | Name |
|---------|----------|
| `lat` | lateral |
| `sib` | sibilant |
| Feature | Name | Origin |
|---------|----------|---------------|
| `lat` | lateral | `kirshenbaum` |
| `sib` | sibilant | `cainteoir` |


### Place of Articulation ### Place of Articulation


| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------------|
| `blb` | bilabial |
| `lbd` | labiodental |
| `bld` | bilabial-labiodental |
| `dnt` | dental |
| `alv` | alveolar |
| `pla` | palato-alveolar |
| `rfx` | retroflex |
| `alp` | alveolo-palatal |
| `pal` | palatal |
| `vel` | velar |
| `lbv` | labio-velar |
| `uvl` | uvular |
| `phr` | pharyngeal |
| `glt` | glottal |
| Feature | Name | Origin |
|---------|-----------------------|---------------|
| `blb` | bilabial | `kirshenbaum` |
| `lbd` | labio-dental | `kirshenbaum` |
| `bld` | bilabial-labio-dental | `espeak-ng` |
| `dnt` | dental | `kirshenbaum` |
| `alv` | alveolar | `kirshenbaum` |
| `pla` | palato-alveolar | `kirshenbaum` |
| `rfx` | retroflex | `kirshenbaum` |
| `alp` | alveolo-palatal | `cainteoir` |
| `pal` | palatal | `kirshenbaum` |
| `vel` | velar | `kirshenbaum` |
| `lbv` | labio-velar | `kirshenbaum` |
| `uvl` | uvular | `kirshenbaum` |
| `phr` | pharyngeal | `kirshenbaum` |
| `glt` | glottal | `kirshenbaum` |


The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb` The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant. onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant.


### Voice ### Voice


| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------|
| `vls` | voiceless |
| `vcd` | voiced |
| Feature | Name | Origin |
|---------|-----------|---------------|
| `vls` | voiceless | `kirshenbaum` |
| `vcd` | voiced | `kirshenbaum` |


## Vowels ## Vowels




### Height ### Height


| Feature | Name |
|---------|------------------------|
| `hgh` | close (high) |
| `smh` | near-close (semi-high) |
| `umd` | close-mid (upper-mid) |
| `mid` | mid |
| `lmd` | open-mid (lower-mid) |
| `sml` | near-open (semi-low) |
| `low` | open (low) |
| Feature | Name | Origin |
|---------|------------------------|---------------|
| `hgh` | close (high) | `kirshenbaum` |
| `smh` | near-close (semi-high) | `kirshenbaum` |
| `umd` | close-mid (upper-mid) | `kirshenbaum` |
| `mid` | mid | `kirshenbaum` |
| `lmd` | open-mid (lower-mid) | `kirshenbaum` |
| `sml` | near-open (semi-low) | `cainteoir` |
| `low` | open (low) | `kirshenbaum` |


### Backness ### Backness


| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------|
| `fnt` | front |
| `cnt` | center |
| `bck` | back |
| Feature | Name | Origin |
|---------|-----------------|---------------|
| `fnt` | front | `kirshenbaum` |
| `cnt` | center | `kirshenbaum` |
| `bck` | back | `kirshenbaum` |


### Rounding ### Rounding


| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------|
| `unr` | unrounded |
| `rnd` | rounded |
| Feature | Name | Origin |
|---------|-----------|---------------|
| `unr` | unrounded | `kirshenbaum` |
| `rnd` | rounded | `kirshenbaum` |


## Diacritics ## Diacritics


### Articulation ### Articulation


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
| | ◌̪ | dental |
| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |
| | ◌̟ | advanced |
| | ◌̠ | retracted |
| | ◌̈ | centralized |
| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized |
| | ◌̝ | raised |
| | ◌̞ | lowered |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|-----------------|---------------|
| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial | `cainteoir` |
| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental | `espeak-ng` |
| | ◌̪ | dental | |
| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical | `espeak-ng` |
| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal | `cainteoir` |
| | ◌̟ | advanced | |
| | ◌̠ | retracted | |
| | ◌̈ | centralized | |
| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized | |
| | ◌̝ | raised | |
| | ◌̞ | lowered | |


The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded
using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not


### Air Flow ### Air Flow


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `egs` | ↑ | egressive |
| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|------------|---------------|
| `egs` | ↑ | egressive | `espeak-ng` |
| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | `espeak-ng` |


The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup>. The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup>.
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA


### Phonation ### Phonation


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|-----------------|---------------|
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | `espeak-ng` |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | `cainteoir` |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | `cainteoir` |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | `cainteoir` |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | `espeak-ng` |


The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an


### Rounding and Labialization ### Rounding and Labialization


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded |
| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|------------|---------------|
| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | `espeak-ng` |
| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | `espeak-ng` |


The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following
features: features:


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|--------------|
| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded |
| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|--------------|---------------|
| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded | `cainteoir` |
| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded | `cainteoir` |


### Syllabicity ### Syllabicity


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic |
| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|-----------------|---------------|
| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic | `kirshenbaum` |
| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic | `cainteoir` |


### Consonant Release ### Consonant Release


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|---------------------------------|
| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated |
| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release |
| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release |
| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|---------------------------------|---------------|
| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated | `kirshenbaum` |
| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release | `espeak-ng` |
| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | `espeak-ng` |
| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | `kirshenbaum` |


### Co-articulation ### Co-articulation


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|----------------|
| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized |
| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized |
| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized |
| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized |
| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|----------------|---------------|
| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | `kirshenbaum` |
| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | `kirshenbaum` |
| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | `kirshenbaum` |
| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | `kirshenbaum` |
| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | `kirshenbaum` |


### Tongue Root ### Tongue Root


The tongue root position can be specified using the following features: The tongue root position can be specified using the following features:


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------------|
| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root |
| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|-----------------------|---------------|
| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | `cainteoir` |
| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | `cainteoir` |


### Fortis and Lenis ### Fortis and Lenis


| Feature |Symbol | Name |
|---------|-------|--------|
| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis |
| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis |
| Feature |Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|-------|--------|---------------|
| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis | `espeak-ng` |
| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis | `espeak-ng` |


The extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup> ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics The extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup> ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics
are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than


### Length ### Length


| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short |
| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long |
| `lng` | ◌ː | long |
| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long |
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin |
|---------|--------|-----------------|---------------|
| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short | `cainteoir` |
| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long | `cainteoir` |
| `lng` | ◌ː | long | `kirshenbaum` |
| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long | `espeak-ng` |


## References ## References



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