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docs: Split out the IPA phoneme tables from the phoneme feature description.

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@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
# Phonemes

- [Phoneme Transcriptions](#phoneme-transcriptions)
- [Consonants](#consonants)
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Gemination](#gemination)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Voice](#voice)
- [Gemination](#gemination)
- [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1)
- [Rounding](#rounding)
- [Height](#height)
- [Backness](#backness)
@@ -22,12 +21,7 @@
- [Tongue Root](#tongue-root)
- [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis)
- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals)
- [Stress](#stress)
- [Length](#length)
- [Rhythm](#rhythm)
- [Intonation](#intonation)
- [Tone Stepping](#tone-stepping)
- [Tones](#tones)
- [References](#references)

----------
@@ -48,73 +42,41 @@ Instead, it is designed to be a transcription guide for authors of espeak-ng
languages and voices on how to specify phonemes so that the IPA and feature
transcriptions are consistent.

## Consonants
## Phoneme Transcriptions

| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | |
|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
| `nas` | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̟̊ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | |
| `stp` | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | | | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | |
| `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
| `afr` | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | | | | | | | | | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | ʡ͡ħ | ʡ͡ʕ | ʔ͡h | |
| `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | | | ʈ͡ɭ̊˔ | | | | c͡ʎ̥˔ | | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
| `frc` | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | | | | | | | | | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ɭ̊˔ | | | | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| `apr` | | | ʋ̥ | ʋ | | | ɹ̥ | ɹ | | | ɻ̊ | ɻ | | | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | | | | | | |
| `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | l̥ | l | | | ɭ̊ | ɭ | | | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | |
| `flp` | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̮ | | |
| `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | ɺ | | | | ɭ̆ | | | | ʎ̮ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | |
| `trl` | | ʙ | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | | | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | |
| `clk` | ʘ | | | | ǀ | | ǃ | | | | | | ǂ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | ǁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| `imp` | | ɓ | | | | | | ɗ | | | | | | | | ʄ | | ɠ | | ʛ | | | | |
| `ejc` | | | | | | | tʼ | | | | ʈʼ | | | | cʼ | | kʼ | | qʼ | | ʡʼ | | | |
| `ejc` `frc` | pʼ | | | | θʼ | | sʼ | | ʃʼ | | ʂʼ | | | | | | xʼ | | χʼ | | | | | |
| `lat` `ejc` `frc` | fʼ | | | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Other Symbols

| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | |
|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | ŋ͡m | | |
| `stp` | | | | | | | | | k͡p | ɡ͡b | | |
| `afr` | p͡f | b͡v | | | | | | | | | | |
| `vzd` `frc` | | | | | ɧ | | | | | | | |
| `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | ɥ | | | ʍ | w |
| `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | ɫ | | | | | | | | |
The following table lists phonetic transcription schemes based on the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

### Gemination
| BCP47 Variant Name | Transcription Name | Encoding |
|---------------------------------|---------------------------------------|----------|
| foncxs | Conlang X-SAMPA (CXS) | ASCII |
| [fonipa](phonemes/fonipa.md) | International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | Unicode |
| fonkirsh | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII |
| fonxsampa | X-SAMPA | ASCII |

Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese.
It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as
"lamppost" and "evenness".
__NOTE:__ The `foncxs` and `fonkirsh` variant names are not defined in the
[IANA language subtag registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry).
Instead, they are private use extensions defined in the
[bcp47-data](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions)
project.

Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants.
The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation)
when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring.

The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes,
with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a
geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the
mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants.
## Consonants

### Manner of Articulation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|-----------|--------|----------------|
| `nas` | | nasal |
| `stp` | | plosive (stop) |
| `afr` | | affricate |
| `frc` | | fricative |
| `flp` | | tap/flap |
| `trl` | | trill |
| `apr` | | approximant |
| `clk` | | click |
| `ejc` | | ejective |
| `imp` | ◌ʼ | implosive |
| `vwl` | | vowel |
| Feature | Name |
|-----------|----------------|
| `nas` | nasal |
| `stp` | plosive (stop) |
| `afr` | affricate |
| `frc` | fricative |
| `flp` | tap/flap |
| `trl` | trill |
| `apr` | approximant |
| `clk` | click |
| `ejc` | ejective |
| `imp` | implosive |
| `vwl` | vowel |

The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features,
while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using
@@ -148,7 +110,7 @@ features:
| `glt` | glottal |

The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant.
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German `[p͡f]` consonant.

__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.
@@ -160,29 +122,22 @@ consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.
| `vls` | voiceless |
| `vcd` | voiced |

## Vowels
### Gemination

| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | |
|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` |
| `hgh` | i | y | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u |
| `smh` | ɪ | ʏ | | | | ʊ |
| `umd` | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | ɤ | o |
| `mid` | | | ə | | | |
| `lmd` | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ɞ | ʌ | ɔ |
| `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | |
| `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ |
Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese.
It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as
"lamppost" and "evenness".

__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this
distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the
above table.
Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants.
The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation)
when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring.

### Other Symbols
The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes,
with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, `[n̚.n]` for a
geminated `[n]`. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the
mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants.

| Symbol | Features |
|--------|-------------------------------|
| ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
| ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
## Vowels

### Height

@@ -204,6 +159,10 @@ above table.
| `cnt` | center |
| `bck` | back |

__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels (`[ɪ]`, `[ʏ]`, `[ʊ]`) are more `cnt` than the
other vowels. However, this distinction is not needed to classify these
vowels, so is not included in the phoneme model described in this document.

### Rounding

| Feature | Name |
@@ -215,19 +174,19 @@ above table.

### Articulation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
| | ◌̪ | dental |
| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |
| | ◌̟ | advanced |
| | ◌̠ | retracted |
| | ◌̈ | centralized |
| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized |
| | ◌̝ | raised |
| | ◌̞ | lowered |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------|
| `lgl` | linguolabial |
| `idt` | interdental |
| | dental |
| `apc` | apical |
| `lmn` | laminal |
| | advanced |
| | retracted |
| | centralized |
| | mid-centralized |
| | raised |
| | lowered |

The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded
using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not
@@ -235,85 +194,77 @@ using the features of the base phoneme.

### Air Flow

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `egs` | ↑ | egressive |
| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive |

The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup>.
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).
| Feature | Name |
|---------|------------|
| `egs` | egressive |
| `igs` | ingressive |

### Phonation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure |

The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an
equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.
| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------|
| `brv` | breathy voice |
| `slv` | slack voice |
| `stv` | stiff voice |
| `crv` | creaky voice |
| `glc` | glottal closure |

### Rounding and Labialization

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded |
| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|------------|
| `ptr` | protruded |
| `cmp` | compressed |

The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following
features:

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|--------------|
| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded |
| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|--------------|
| `mrd` | more rounded |
| `lrd` | less rounded |

### Syllabicity

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic |
| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------|
| `syl` | syllabic |
| `nsy` | non-syllabic |

### Consonant Release

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|---------------------------------|
| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated |
| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release |
| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release |
| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|---------------------------------|
| `asp` | aspirated |
| `nrs` | nasal release |
| `lrs` | lateral release |
| `unx` | no audible release (unexploded) |

### Co-articulation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|----------------|
| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized |
| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized |
| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized |
| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized |
| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|----------------|
| `pzd` | palatalized |
| `vzd` | velarized |
| `fzd` | pharyngealized |
| `nzd` | nasalized |
| `rzd` | rhoticized |

### Tongue Root

The tongue root position can be specified using the following features:

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------------|
| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root |
| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------------|
| `atr` | advanced tongue root |
| `rtr` | retracted tongue root |

### Fortis and Lenis

| Feature |Symbol | Name |
|---------|-------|--------|
| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis |
| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|--------|
| `fts` | fortis |
| `lns` | lenis |

The extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup> ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics
are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than
@@ -328,12 +279,12 @@ the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead.

### Length

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short |
| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long |
| `lng` | ◌ː | long |
| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------------|
| `est` | extra short |
| `hlg` | half-long |
| `lng` | long |
| `elg` | extra long |

## References


+ 225
- 0
docs/phonemes/fonipa.md View File

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
# International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Phonemes

- [Consonants](#consonants)
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1)
- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
- [Articulation](#articulation)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization)
- [Syllabicity](#syllabicity)
- [Consonant Release](#consonant-release)
- [Co-articulation](#co-articulation)
- [Tongue Root](#tongue-root)
- [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis)
- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals)
- [Length](#length)
- [References](#references)

----------

This document describes the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription
scheme using [phoneme features](../phonemes.md) based on those described by
Evan Kirshenbaum <sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\], \[<a href="#ref2">2</a>\]</sup>.

## Consonants

| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | |
|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
| `nas` | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̟̊ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | |
| `stp` | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | | | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | |
| `sib`&#xA0;`afr` | | | | | | | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
| `afr` | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | | | | | | | | | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | ʡ͡ħ | ʡ͡ʕ | ʔ͡h | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`afr` | | | | | | | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | | | ʈ͡ɭ̊˔ | | | | c͡ʎ̥˔ | | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| `sib`&#xA0;`frc` | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
| `frc` | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | | | | | | | | | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| `lat`&#xA0;`frc` | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ɭ̊˔ | | | | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| `apr` | | | ʋ̥ | ʋ | | | ɹ̥ | ɹ | | | ɻ̊ | ɻ | | | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | | | | | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`apr` | | | | | | | l̥ | l | | | ɭ̊ | ɭ | | | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | |
| `flp` | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̮ | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`flp` | | | | | | | | ɺ | | | | ɭ̆ | | | | ʎ̮ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | |
| `trl` | | ʙ | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | | | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | |
| `clk` | ʘ | | | | ǀ | | ǃ | | | | | | ǂ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`clk` | | | | | | | ǁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| `imp` | | ɓ | | | | | | ɗ | | | | | | | | ʄ | | ɠ | | ʛ | | | | |
| `ejc` | | | | | | | tʼ | | | | ʈʼ | | | | cʼ | | kʼ | | qʼ | | ʡʼ | | | |
| `ejc`&#xA0;`frc` | pʼ | | | | θʼ | | sʼ | | ʃʼ | | ʂʼ | | | | | | xʼ | | χʼ | | | | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`ejc`&#xA0;`frc` | fʼ | | | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Other Symbols

| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | |
|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | ŋ͡m | | |
| `stp` | | | | | | | | | k͡p | ɡ͡b | | |
| `afr` | p͡f | b͡v | | | | | | | | | | |
| `vzd`&#xA0;`frc` | | | | | ɧ | | | | | | | |
| `ptr`&#xA0;`apr` | | | | | | | | ɥ | | | ʍ | w |
| `fzd`&#xA0;`lat`&#xA0;`apr` | | | | ɫ | | | | | | | | |

### Manner of Articulation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|-----------|--------|----------------|
| `imp` | ◌ʼ | implosive |

## Vowels

| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | |
|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` |
| `hgh` | i | y | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u |
| `smh` | ɪ | ʏ | | | | ʊ |
| `umd` | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | ɤ | o |
| `mid` | | | ə | | | |
| `lmd` | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ɞ | ʌ | ɔ |
| `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | |
| `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ |

__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this
distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the
above table.

### Other Symbols

| Symbol | Features |
|--------|-------------------------------|
| ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
| ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |

## Diacritics

### Articulation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
| | ◌̪ | dental |
| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |
| | ◌̟ | advanced |
| | ◌̠ | retracted |
| | ◌̈ | centralized |
| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized |
| | ◌̝ | raised |
| | ◌̞ | lowered |

The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded
using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not
using the features of the base phoneme.

### Air Flow

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `egs` | ↑ | egressive |
| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive |

The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref5">5</a>\]</sup>.
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).

### Phonation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure |

The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an
equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.

### Rounding and Labialization

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded |
| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed |

The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following
features:

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|--------------|
| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded |
| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded |

### Syllabicity

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic |
| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic |

### Consonant Release

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|---------------------------------|
| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated |
| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release |
| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release |
| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) |

### Co-articulation

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|----------------|
| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized |
| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized |
| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized |
| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized |
| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized |

### Tongue Root

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------------|
| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root |
| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root |

### Fortis and Lenis

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|--------|
| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis |
| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis |

## Suprasegmentals

### Length

| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short |
| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long |
| `lng` | ◌ː | long |
| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long |

## References

1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 1993.

2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 2001.

3. <a name="ref3"></a> International Phonetic Association,
[The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart). 2015.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

4. <a name="ref4"></a> Wikipedia.
[International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

5. <a name="ref5"></a> Wikipedia.
[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

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