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# Voice Files |
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- [Contents of Voice Files](#contents-of-voice-files) |
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- [Identification Attributes](#identification-attributes) |
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- [name](#name) |
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- [language](#language) |
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- [gender](#gender) |
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- [Voice Attributes](#voice-attributes) |
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- [pitch](#pitch) |
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- [formant](#formant) |
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- [freq\_add](#freq_add) |
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- [echo](#echo) |
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- [tone](#tone) |
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- [flutter](#flutter) |
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- [roughness](#roughness) |
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- [voicing](#voicing) |
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- [consonants](#consonants) |
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- [breath](#breath) |
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- [breathw](#breathw) |
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- [speed](#speed) |
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- [Language Attributes](#language-attributes) |
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- [phonemes](#phonemes) |
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- [dictionary](#dictionary) |
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- [dictrules](#dictrules) |
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- [replace](#replace) |
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- [stressLength](#stressLength) |
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- [stressAdd](#stressAdd) |
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- [stressAmp](#stressAmp) |
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- [intonation](#intonation) |
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- [charset](#charset) |
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- [dictmin](#dictmin) |
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- [alphabet2](#alphabet2) |
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- [dictdialect](#dictdialect) |
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- [Voice Files Provided](#voice-files-provided) |
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- [default](#default) |
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---------- |
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A Voice file specifies a language (and possibly a language variant or |
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dialect) together with various attributes that affect the |
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characteristics of the voice quality and how the language is spoken. |
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@@ -9,271 +45,372 @@ or within subdirectories in there. |
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The available voice files can be listed by: |
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espeak-ng --voices |
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espeak-ng --voices |
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or |
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espeak-ng --voices=<language> |
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espeak-ng --voices=<language> |
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also |
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espeak-ng --voices=<variant> |
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espeak-ng --voices=<variant> |
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Lists voice variants which can be applied to eSpeak NG voices. |
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espeak-ng --voices=<mbrola> |
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espeak-ng --voices=<mbrola> |
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Lists the Mbrola voices. |
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## Contents of Voice Files |
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The **language** attribute is mandatory. All the other attributes are |
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The `language` attribute is mandatory. All the other attributes are |
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optional. |
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### Identification Attributes |
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* **name \<name\>** |
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A name given to this voice. |
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#### name |
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name <name> |
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A name given to this voice. |
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#### language |
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language <language code> [<priority>] |
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This attribute should appear before the other attributes which are |
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listed below. |
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* **language \<language code\> [\<priority\>]** |
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This attribute should appear before the other attributes which are |
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listed below. |
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It selects the default behaviour and characteristics for the language, |
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and sets default values for "phonemes", "dictionary" and other |
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attributes. The \<language code\> should be a two-letter ISO 639-1 |
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language code. One or more language variant codes may be appended, |
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separated by hyphens. (eg. en-uk-north). |
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separated by hyphens. (eg. en-uk-north). |
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The optional \<priority\> value gives the preference of this voice |
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compared with others for the specified language. A low value indicates a |
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more preferred voice. The default value is 5. |
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More than one **language** line may be present. A voice may be selected |
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more preferred voice. The default value is 5. |
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More than one `language` line may be present. A voice may be selected |
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for other related languages (variants which have the same initial 2 |
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letter language code as the specified language), but it will be less |
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preferred for these. Different language variants may be specified by |
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additional **language** lines in order to indicate that this is a |
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preferred voice for them also. Eg. |
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``` |
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language en-uk-north |
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language en |
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``` |
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indicates that this is voice is for the "en-uk-north" dialect, but it is |
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additional `language` lines in order to indicate that this is a |
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preferred voice for them also. E.g. |
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language en-uk-north |
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language en |
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indicates that this is voice is for the "en-uk-north" dialect, but it is |
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also a main choice when a general "en" language is specified. Without |
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the second **language** line, it would be disfavoured for "en" for being |
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the second `language` line, it would be disfavoured for "en" for being |
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a more specialised voice. |
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* **gender \<gender\> [\<age\>]** |
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This attribute is only a label for use in voice selection. It doesn't |
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#### gender |
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gender <gender> [<age>] |
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This attribute is only a label for use in voice selection. It doesn't |
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change the sound of the voice. |
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\<gender\> may be male, female, or unknown. |
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\<age\> is optional and gives an age in years. |
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* \<gender\> may be male, female, or unknown. |
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* \<age\> is optional and gives an age in years. |
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### Voice Attributes |
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* **pitch \<base\> \<range\>** |
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Two integer values. The first gives a base pitch to the voice (value in |
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#### pitch |
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pitch <base> <range> |
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Two integer values. The first gives a base pitch to the voice (value in |
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Hz) The second controls the range of pitches used by the voice. Setting |
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it equal to the base pitch will give a monotone. The default values are 82 118. |
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* **formant \<number\> \<frequency\> \<strength\> \<width\> |
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\<freq\_add\>** |
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Systematically adjusts the frequency, strength, and width of the |
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#### formant |
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formant <number> <frequency> <strength> <width> <freq_add> |
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Systematically adjusts the frequency, strength, and width of the |
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resonance peaks of the voice. Values are percentages of the default |
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values. Changing these affects the tone/quality of the voice. |
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* **freq\_add** |
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Adds a constant value (in Hz) to the frequency of the |
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formant peak. The value may be negative. |
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* Formants 1,2,3 are the standard three formants which define vowels. |
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* Formant 0 is used to give a low frequency component to the sounds, of frequency lower than F1. |
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* Formants 4,5 are higher than F3. They affect the quality of the voice. |
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* Formants 6,7,8 are weak, high frequency, additions to vowels to give a clearer sound. |
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* **echo \<delay\> \<amplitude\>** |
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Parameter 1 gives the delay in mS (0 to 250mS). |
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Parameter 2 gives the echo amplitude (0 to 100). |
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Adding some echo can give a clearer or more interesting sound, |
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especially when listening through a domestic stereo sound system, rather |
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than small computer speakers. |
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* **tone** |
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Controls the tone of the sound. |
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**tone** is followed by up to 4 pairs of \<frequency\> \<amplitude\> |
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#### freq\_add |
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Adds a constant value (in Hz) to the frequency of the formant peak. The value |
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may be negative. |
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* Formants 1,2,3 are the standard three formants which define vowels. |
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* Formant 0 is used to give a low frequency component to the sounds, of |
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frequency lower than F1. |
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* Formants 4,5 are higher than F3. They affect the quality of the voice. |
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* Formants 6,7,8 are weak, high frequency, additions to vowels to give a |
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clearer sound. |
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#### echo |
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echo <delay> <amplitude> |
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Parameter 1 gives the delay in mS (0 to 250mS). |
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Parameter 2 gives the echo amplitude (0 to 100). |
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Adding some echo can give a clearer or more interesting sound, especially when |
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listening through a domestic stereo sound system, rather than small computer |
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speakers. |
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#### tone |
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Controls the tone of the sound. |
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`tone` is followed by up to 4 pairs of `<frequency> <amplitude>` |
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which define a frequency response graph. Frequency is in Hz and |
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amplitude is in the range 0 to 25 The default is: |
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`tone 600 170 1200 135 2000 110` |
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This means that from frequency 0Hz to 600Hz the amplitude is 17 From |
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amplitude is in the range 0 to 25 The default is: |
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tone 600 170 1200 135 2000 110 |
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This means that from frequency 0Hz to 600Hz the amplitude is 17 From |
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600Hz to 1200Hz the amplitude decreases from 170 to 135, then decreases |
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to 110 at 2000Hz and remains at 110 at higher frequencies. This |
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adjustment applies only to voiced sounds such as vowels and sonorant |
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consonants (such as [n] and [l]). Unvoiced sounds such as [s] are |
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unaffected. |
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This **tone** statement can also appear in |
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`espeak-data/config`, in which case it applies to all voices |
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which don't have their own **tone** statement. |
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* **flutter \<value\>** |
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Default value: 100. |
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Adds pitch fluctuations to give a wavering or older-sounding voice. A |
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consonants (such as `[n]` and `[l]`). Unvoiced sounds such as `[s]` are |
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unaffected. |
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This `tone` statement can also appear in `espeak-data/config`, in which case |
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it applies to all voices which don't have their own `tone` statement. |
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#### flutter |
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flutter <value> |
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Default value: 100. |
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Adds pitch fluctuations to give a wavering or older-sounding voice. A |
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large value (eg. 20) makes the voice sound "croaky". |
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* **roughness \<value\>** |
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Default value: Range 0 - 7 |
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Reduces the amplitude of alternate waveform cycles in order to make the |
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#### roughness |
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roughness <value> |
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Default value: Range 0 - 7 |
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Reduces the amplitude of alternate waveform cycles in order to make the |
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voice sound creaky. |
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* **voicing \<value\>** |
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Default value: 100 |
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Adjusts the strength of formant-synthesized sounds (vowels and sonorant |
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#### voicing |
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voicing <value> |
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Default value: 100 |
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Adjusts the strength of formant-synthesized sounds (vowels and sonorant |
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consonants). |
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* **consonants \<value\> \<value\>** |
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Default values: 100, 100 |
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Adjusts the strength of noise sounds which are used in consonants. The |
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first value is the strength of unvoiced consonants such as "s" and "t". |
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The second value is the strength of the noise component of voiced |
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#### consonants |
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consonants <value> <value> |
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Default values: 100, 100 |
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Adjusts the strength of noise sounds which are used in consonants. The |
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first value is the strength of unvoiced consonants such as "s" and "t". |
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The second value is the strength of the noise component of voiced |
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consonants such as "z" and "d". |
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* **breath \<up to 8 integer values\>** |
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Default values: 0. |
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Adds noise which corresponds to the formant frequency peaks. The values |
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give the strength of noise for each formant peak (formants 1 to 8). |
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Use together with a low or zero value of the **voicing** attribute to |
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#### breath |
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breath <up to 8 integer values> |
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Default values: 0. |
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Adds noise which corresponds to the formant frequency peaks. The values |
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give the strength of noise for each formant peak (formants 1 to 8). |
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Use together with a low or zero value of the `voicing` attribute to |
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make a "wisper". For example: |
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``` |
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breath 75 75 60 40 15 10 |
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breathw 150 150 200 200 400 400 |
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voicing 18 |
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flutter 20 |
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formant 0 100 0 100 // remove formant 0 |
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``` |
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* **breathw \<up to 8 integer values\>** |
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These values give bandwidths of the noise peaks of the **breath** |
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attribute. If **breathw** values are not given, then suitable default |
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breath 75 75 60 40 15 10 |
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breathw 150 150 200 200 400 400 |
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voicing 18 |
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flutter 20 |
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formant 0 100 0 100 // remove formant 0 |
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#### breathw |
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breathw <up to 8 integer values> |
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These values give bandwidths of the noise peaks of the `breath` |
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attribute. If `breathw` values are not given, then suitable default |
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values will be used. |
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* **speed \<value\>** |
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Default value 10 |
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Adjusts the speaking speed by a percentage of the default rate. This |
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#### speed |
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speed <value> |
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Default value 10 |
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Adjusts the speaking speed by a percentage of the default rate. This |
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can be used if a language voice seems faster or slower compared to other |
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voices. |
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### Language Attributes |
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* **phonemes \<name\>** |
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Specifies which set of phonemes to use from those contained in the |
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phontab, phonindex, and phondata data files. This is a **phonemetable** |
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#### phonemes |
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phonemes <name> |
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Specifies which set of phonemes to use from those contained in the |
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phontab, phonindex, and phondata data files. This is a `phonemetable` |
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name as given in the "phoneme" source file. |
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This parameter is usually not needed as it is set by default to the |
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This parameter is usually not needed as it is set by default to the |
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first two letters of the "language" parameter. However, different voices |
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of the same language can use different phoneme sets, to give different |
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accents. |
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* **dictionary \<name\>** |
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Specifies which pair of dictionary files to use. eg. "english" indicates |
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that *speak-data/en\_dict* should be used to translate from words to |
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#### dictionary |
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dictionary <name> |
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Specifies which pair of dictionary files to use. eg. "english" indicates |
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that `speak-data/en_dict` should be used to translate from words to |
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phonemes. This parameter is usually not needed as it is set by default |
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to the first two letters of "language" parameter. |
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* **dictrules \<list of rule numbers\>** |
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Gives a list of conditional dictionary rules which are applied for this |
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#### dictrules |
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dictrules <list of rule numbers> |
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Gives a list of conditional dictionary rules which are applied for this |
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voice. Rule numbers are in the range 0 to 31 and are specific to a |
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language dictionary. They apply to rules in the language's **\_rules** |
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dictionary file and also its **\_list** exceptions list. See |
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[dictionary.html](dictionary.html). |
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* **replace \<flags\> \<phoneme\> \<replacement phoneme\>** |
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Replace a phoneme by another whenever it occurs. |
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\<replacement phoneme\> may be NULL. |
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Flags: bit 0: replacement only occurs on the final phoneme of a word. |
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Flags: bit 1: replacement doesn't occur in stressed syllables. |
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eg. |
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``` |
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replace 0 h NULL // drops h's |
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replace 0 V U // replaces vowel in 'strut' by that in 'foot' |
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// as occurs in northern British English |
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replace 3 N n // change 'fishing' to 'fishin' etc. |
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// (only the last phoneme of a word, only in unstressed syllables) |
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``` |
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The phoneme mnemonics can be defined for each language, but some are |
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listed in [phonemes](phonemes.md) |
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* **stressLength \<8 integer values\>** |
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Eight integer parameters. These control the relative lengths of the |
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language dictionary. They apply to rules in the language's `*_rules` |
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dictionary file and also its `*_list` exceptions list. See |
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[Text to Phoneme Translation](dictionary.md). |
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#### replace |
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replace <flags> <phoneme> <replacement phoneme> |
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Replace a phoneme by another whenever it occurs. |
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\<replacement phoneme\> may be NULL. |
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Flags: bit 0: replacement only occurs on the final phoneme of a word. |
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Flags: bit 1: replacement doesn't occur in stressed syllables. |
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e.g. |
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replace 0 h NULL // drops h's |
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replace 0 V U // replaces vowel in 'strut' by that in 'foot' |
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// as occurs in northern British English |
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replace 3 N n // change 'fishing' to 'fishin' etc. |
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// (only the last phoneme of a word, only in unstressed syllables) |
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The phoneme mnemonics can be defined for each language, but some are |
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listed in [Phonemes](phonemes.md). |
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#### stressLength |
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stressLength <8 integer values> |
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Eight integer parameters. These control the relative lengths of the |
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vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables. |
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* 0 unstressed |
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* 1 diminished. Its use depends on the language. In English it's used for unstressed syllables within multisyllabic words. In Spanish it's used for unstressed final syllables. |
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* 2 secondary stress |
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* 3 words marked as "unstressed" in the dictionary |
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* 4 not currently used |
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* 5 not currently used |
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* 6 stressed syllable (the main syllable in stressed words) |
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* 7 tonic syllable (by default, the last stressed syllable in the clause) |
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* **stressAdd \<8 integer values\>** |
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Eight integer parameters. These are added to the voice's corresponding |
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stressLength values. They are used in the voice variant files in |
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* 0 unstressed |
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* 1 diminished. Its use depends on the language. In English it's used for |
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unstressed syllables within multisyllabic words. In Spanish it's used |
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for unstressed final syllables. |
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* 2 secondary stress |
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* 3 words marked as "unstressed" in the dictionary |
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* 4 not currently used |
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* 5 not currently used |
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* 6 stressed syllable (the main syllable in stressed words) |
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* 7 tonic syllable (by default, the last stressed syllable in the clause) |
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#### stressAdd |
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stressAdd <8 integer values> |
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Eight integer parameters. These are added to the voice's corresponding |
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`stressLength` values. They are used in the voice variant files in |
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`espeak-data/voices/!v` to give some variety. Negative values may be used. |
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* **stressAmp \<8 integer values\>** |
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Eight integer parameters. These control the relative amplitudes of the |
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#### stressAmp |
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stressAmp <8 integer values> |
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Eight integer parameters. These control the relative amplitudes of the |
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vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables (see stressLength above). |
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The general default values are: 16, 16, 20, 20, 20, 24, 24, 22, although |
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these defaults may be different for particular languages. |
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* **intonation \<param1\>** |
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1 Default. |
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2 Less intonation. |
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3 Less intonation, and comma does not raise the pitch. |
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4 Pitch rises (rather than falls) at the end of sentence. |
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#### intonation |
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intonation <param1> |
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* 1 -- Default. |
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* 2 -- Less intonation. |
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* 3 -- Less intonation, and comma does not raise the pitch. |
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* 4 -- Pitch rises (rather than falls) at the end of sentence. |
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* **charset \<param1\>** |
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The ISO 8859 character set number. (not all are implemented). |
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#### charset |
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* **dictmin \<value\>** |
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Used for some languages to detect if additional language data is |
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charset <param1> |
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The ISO 8859 character set number. (not all are implemented). |
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#### dictmin |
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dictmin <value> |
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Used for some languages to detect if additional language data is |
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installed. If the size of the compiled dictionary data for the language |
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(the file `espeak-data/*_dict`) is less than this size then a |
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warning is given. |
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* **alphabet2 \<alphabet\> \<language\>** |
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Used to specify a language to be used to speak words which are written |
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in a non-native alphabet. eg: |
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``` |
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alphabet2 cyr ru |
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``` |
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Alphabets names include: latin, cyr (cyrillic), ar (arabic). The default |
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#### alphabet2 |
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alphabet2 <alphabet> <language> |
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Used to specify a language to be used to speak words which are written |
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in a non-native alphabet. e.g.: |
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alphabet2 cyr ru |
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Alphabets names include: latin, cyr (cyrillic), ar (arabic). The default |
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language for latin alphabet is English. |
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* **dictdialect \<dialect\>** |
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Words can be marked in the \*\_list or \*\_rules file to be spoken using |
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a foreign voice. This **dictdialect** attribute can be used to specify |
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#### dictdialect |
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dictdialect <dialect> |
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Words can be marked in the `*_list` or `*_rules` file to be spoken using |
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a foreign voice. This `dictdialect` attribute can be used to specify |
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which dialect of the foreign language should be used, instead of the |
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default dialect. The currently available dialects are: |
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**en-us** (US English) |
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**es-la** (Latin American Spanish). |
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eg. |
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``` |
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dictdialect en-us |
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``` |
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This means that any words or rules which are maked with \_\^\_EN will be |
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default dialect. The currently available dialects are: |
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* `en-us` (US English) |
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* `es-la` (Latin American Spanish) |
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e.g. |
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dictdialect en-us |
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This means that any words or rules which are maked with `_^_EN` will be |
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spoken with the US English voice instead of the default UK English |
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voice. |
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Additional attributes are available to set various internal options |
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which control how language is processed. These would normally be set in |
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the program code rather than in a voice file. |
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## Voice Files Provided |
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A number of Voice files are provided in the |
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`espeak-data/voices` directory. You can select one of these |
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with the **-v \<voice filename\>** parameter to the speak command. |
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A number of Voice files are provided in the `espeak-data/voices` directory. |
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You can select one of these with the `-v <voice filename>` parameter to |
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the `espeak-ng` command. |
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#### default |
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* **default** |
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This voice is used if none is specified in the speak command. You can |
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This voice is used if none is specified in the speak command. You can |
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copy your preferred voice to "default" so you can use the speak command |
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without the need to specify a voice. |
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For a list of voices provided for English and other languages see |
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[Languages](languages.md). |
Reece H. Dunn
9 years ago