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@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ world. The origin column is used to describe where the feature originated from: |
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1. `espeak-ng` -- The features originate from the eSpeak NG Text-to-Speech |
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program, and are defined in this document. |
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Not all the Cainteoir Text-to-Speech phoneme features are listed here, only |
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the ones that are relevant to eSpeak NG. |
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The goal of this document is not to provide a detailed guide on phonetics. Nor |
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is it intended to be able to accurately record differences in IPA diacritics. |
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Instead, it is designed to be a transcription guide for authors of espeak-ng |
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@@ -122,14 +125,24 @@ The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features, |
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while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using |
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place of articulation features. |
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Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following |
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features: |
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__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum defines an `orl` (oral) feature which is not |
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used. From context, it looks like `{orl,stp}` was indended to be used for |
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plosives, and `{nas,stp}` for nasals. That feature is not defined in this |
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document, but is defined in the [phoneme model](phoneme_model.md). |
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The manner of articulation can be refined using the following features: |
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| Feature | Name | Origin | |
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|---------|----------|---------------| |
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| `lat` | lateral | `kirshenbaum` | |
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| `sib` | sibilant | `cainteoir` | |
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__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum defines a `ctl` (central) feature which is not |
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used. From context, it looks like it was intended to explicitly annotate |
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consonants as having a central release, similar to how the `lat` feature |
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is used for lateral release. As consonants are implicitly central, the |
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`ctl` feature is not needed and as such is not defined in this document. |
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### Place of Articulation |
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| Feature | Name | Origin | |
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@@ -260,6 +273,10 @@ The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consona |
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charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an |
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equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. |
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__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum uses the `mrm` (murmured) feature for breathy voice, |
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using it for `[ɦ]` instead of `vcd`, following the way the phoneme is pronounced |
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instead of how it is annotated on the IPA chart. |
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### Rounding and Labialization |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin | |
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@@ -267,6 +284,8 @@ equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. |
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| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | `espeak-ng` | |
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| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | `espeak-ng` | |
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__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum uses the `lzd` (labialized) feature for protruded. |
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The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following |
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features: |
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