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# English |
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# English |
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- [Short Vowels](#short-vowels) |
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- [Long Vowels](#long-vowels) |
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- [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels) |
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- [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels) |
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- [Diphthongs](#diphthongs) |
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- [Split Vowels](#split-vowels) |
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- [Vowels](#vowels) |
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- [Short Vowels](#short-vowels) |
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- [Long Vowels](#long-vowels) |
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- [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels) |
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- [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels) |
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- [Diphthongs](#diphthongs) |
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- [Split Vowels](#split-vowels) |
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- [References](#references) |
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- [References](#references) |
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---------- |
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---------- |
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The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical |
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Sets<sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\]</sup>. These were created by Wells in 1982 |
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by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American |
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(GenAm) accents in use at that time. The following accents are supported by |
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eSpeak NG and are referenced in this document: |
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The following English accents are supported by eSpeak NG and are referenced in |
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this document: |
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| BCP47 | Abbreviation | Accent Name | |
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| BCP47 | Abbreviation | Accent Name | |
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|----------------|--------------|------------------------| |
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|----------------|--------------|------------------------| |
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| en-US | GenAm | General American | |
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| en-US | GenAm | General American | |
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The BCP47 name is the standard language identifier for the accent, used as the |
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The BCP47 name is the standard language identifier for the accent, used as the |
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espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the lexical set tables below |
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for the IPA transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the |
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eSpeak NG phoneme names. |
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espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the tables below for the IPA |
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transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the eSpeak NG |
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phoneme names. |
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## Vowels |
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The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical |
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Sets<sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\]</sup>. These were created by Wells in 1982 |
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by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American |
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(GenAm) accents in use at that time. |
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## Short Vowels |
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### Short Vowels |
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| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |
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| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |
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|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |
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|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |
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| STRUT | `V` | ʌ | ʌ | |
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| STRUT | `V` | ʌ | ʌ | |
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| FOOT | `U` | ʊ | ʊ | |
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| FOOT | `U` | ʊ | ʊ | |
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## Long Vowels |
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### Long Vowels |
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| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |
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| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |
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|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |
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|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |
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| THOUGHT | `O:` | ɔː | ɔ | |
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| THOUGHT | `O:` | ɔː | ɔ | |
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| GOOSE | `u:` | uː | u | |
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| GOOSE | `u:` | uː | u | |
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## Rhotic Vowels |
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### Rhotic Vowels |
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These are vowels that are followed by an `r` that is not part of the next syllable |
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These are vowels that are followed by an `r` that is not part of the next syllable |
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when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. |
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when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. |
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| TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɛɾ | |
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| TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɛɾ | |
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| BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɪɾ | |
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| BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɪɾ | |
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## Reduced Vowels |
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### Reduced Vowels |
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These are unstressed vowels that differ from the vowels in the main lexical sets. |
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These are unstressed vowels that differ from the vowels in the main lexical sets. |
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have merged this with the COMMA lexical set, such that `rabbit` and `abbot` |
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have merged this with the COMMA lexical set, such that `rabbit` and `abbot` |
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rhyme. |
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rhyme. |
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## Diphthongs |
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### Diphthongs |
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| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |
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| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |
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|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |
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|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |
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| GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | |
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| GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | |
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| MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | |
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| MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | |
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## Split Vowels |
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### Split Vowels |
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These are lexical sets defined by John Wells that are merged with other lexical |
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These are lexical sets defined by John Wells that are merged with other lexical |
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sets in both RP and GenAm, so have split from one of those lexical sets and |
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sets in both RP and GenAm, so have split from one of those lexical sets and |