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docs: group the vowel sections in en.md under a general 'vowels' section.

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Reece H. Dunn 7 years ago
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# English # English


- [Short Vowels](#short-vowels)
- [Long Vowels](#long-vowels)
- [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels)
- [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels)
- [Diphthongs](#diphthongs)
- [Split Vowels](#split-vowels)
- [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Short Vowels](#short-vowels)
- [Long Vowels](#long-vowels)
- [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels)
- [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels)
- [Diphthongs](#diphthongs)
- [Split Vowels](#split-vowels)
- [References](#references) - [References](#references)


---------- ----------


The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical
Sets<sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\]</sup>. These were created by Wells in 1982
by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American
(GenAm) accents in use at that time. The following accents are supported by
eSpeak NG and are referenced in this document:
The following English accents are supported by eSpeak NG and are referenced in
this document:


| BCP47 | Abbreviation | Accent Name | | BCP47 | Abbreviation | Accent Name |
|----------------|--------------|------------------------| |----------------|--------------|------------------------|
| en-US | GenAm | General American | | en-US | GenAm | General American |


The BCP47 name is the standard language identifier for the accent, used as the The BCP47 name is the standard language identifier for the accent, used as the
espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the lexical set tables below
for the IPA transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the
eSpeak NG phoneme names.
espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the tables below for the IPA
transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the eSpeak NG
phoneme names.

## Vowels

The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical
Sets<sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\]</sup>. These were created by Wells in 1982
by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American
(GenAm) accents in use at that time.


## Short Vowels
### Short Vowels


| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm |
|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |-------------|-------|-------|-------|
| STRUT | `V` | ʌ | ʌ | | STRUT | `V` | ʌ | ʌ |
| FOOT | `U` | ʊ | ʊ | | FOOT | `U` | ʊ | ʊ |


## Long Vowels
### Long Vowels


| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm |
|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |-------------|-------|-------|-------|
| THOUGHT | `O:` | ɔː | ɔ | | THOUGHT | `O:` | ɔː | ɔ |
| GOOSE | `u:` | uː | u | | GOOSE | `u:` | uː | u |


## Rhotic Vowels
### Rhotic Vowels


These are vowels that are followed by an `r` that is not part of the next syllable These are vowels that are followed by an `r` that is not part of the next syllable
when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel.
| TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɛɾ | | TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɛɾ |
| BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɪɾ | | BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɪɾ |


## Reduced Vowels
### Reduced Vowels


These are unstressed vowels that differ from the vowels in the main lexical sets. These are unstressed vowels that differ from the vowels in the main lexical sets.


have merged this with the COMMA lexical set, such that `rabbit` and `abbot` have merged this with the COMMA lexical set, such that `rabbit` and `abbot`
rhyme. rhyme.


## Diphthongs
### Diphthongs


| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm |
|-------------|-------|-------|-------| |-------------|-------|-------|-------|
| GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | | GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ |
| MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | | MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ |


## Split Vowels
### Split Vowels


These are lexical sets defined by John Wells that are merged with other lexical These are lexical sets defined by John Wells that are merged with other lexical
sets in both RP and GenAm, so have split from one of those lexical sets and sets in both RP and GenAm, so have split from one of those lexical sets and

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