Drug-combination-synergy/Drug/data/DDI/DrugBank/Drugbank data extractor.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "af952ae0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "id": "fcbaaee3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def get_data(counter):\n",
    "    data=[]\n",
    "#     counter=2000\n",
    "    with open('full database.xml','r',encoding='utf-8') as f:\n",
    "        in_interaction=False\n",
    "        drug_name=None\n",
    "        drug_id=None\n",
    "        get_drug_name=False\n",
    "        for line in f:\n",
    "#             if counter<0:\n",
    "#                 break\n",
    "#             counter-=1\n",
    "            line=line.strip()\n",
    "            if line=='</drug-interaction>':\n",
    "                data.append(f'<drug id>{drug_id}</drug id>')\n",
    "                data.append(f'<drug name>{drug_name}</drug name>')\n",
    "                in_interaction=False\n",
    "            if line.startswith('<drugbank-id primary=\"true\">'):\n",
    "                get_drug_name=True\n",
    "                drug_id=line[28:line.find('</drugbank-id>')]\n",
    "            if line.startswith('<name>') and get_drug_name:\n",
    "                drug_name=line[6:-7]\n",
    "                get_drug_name=False\n",
    "            if in_interaction:\n",
    "                data.append(line)\n",
    "            if line=='<drug-interaction>':\n",
    "                in_interaction=True\n",
    "    return data\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "def transform_to_dataframe(data):\n",
    "    mapping={'drug id':'drug id','drug name':'drug name','drugbank-id':'interaction drug id','name':'interaction drug name','description':'description'}\n",
    "    dict_data={'drug id':[],'drug name':[],'interaction drug id':[],'interaction drug name':[],'description':[]}\n",
    "    for d in data:\n",
    "        for column in mapping.keys():\n",
    "            if d.startswith(f'<{column}>'):\n",
    "                dict_data[mapping[column]].append(d[d.find(f'<{column}>')+len(column)+2:d.find(f'</{column}>')])\n",
    "    return pd.DataFrame.from_dict(dict_data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "id": "4712cb2c",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data=get_data(counter)\n",
    "df=transform_to_dataframe(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "id": "ba35d4a0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>drug id</th>\n",
       "      <th>drug name</th>\n",
       "      <th>interaction drug id</th>\n",
       "      <th>interaction drug name</th>\n",
       "      <th>description</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB00001</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lepirudin</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB06605</td>\n",
       "      <td>Apixaban</td>\n",
       "      <td>Apixaban may increase the anticoagulant activi...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB00001</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lepirudin</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB06695</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dabigatran etexilate</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dabigatran etexilate may increase the anticoag...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB00001</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lepirudin</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB01254</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dasatinib</td>\n",
       "      <td>The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhag...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB00001</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lepirudin</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB01609</td>\n",
       "      <td>Deferasirox</td>\n",
       "      <td>The risk or severity of gastrointestinal bleed...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB00001</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lepirudin</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB01586</td>\n",
       "      <td>Ursodeoxycholic acid</td>\n",
       "      <td>The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising ...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2768186</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB16746</td>\n",
       "      <td>Elivaldogene autotemcel</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB01264</td>\n",
       "      <td>Darunavir</td>\n",
       "      <td>The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2768187</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB16746</td>\n",
       "      <td>Elivaldogene autotemcel</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB01319</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fosamprenavir</td>\n",
       "      <td>The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2768188</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB16746</td>\n",
       "      <td>Elivaldogene autotemcel</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB01601</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lopinavir</td>\n",
       "      <td>The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2768189</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB16746</td>\n",
       "      <td>Elivaldogene autotemcel</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB11586</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asunaprevir</td>\n",
       "      <td>The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2768190</th>\n",
       "      <td>DB16746</td>\n",
       "      <td>Elivaldogene autotemcel</td>\n",
       "      <td>DB15623</td>\n",
       "      <td>TMC-310911</td>\n",
       "      <td>The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>2768191 rows × 5 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         drug id                drug name interaction drug id  \\\n",
       "0        DB00001                Lepirudin             DB06605   \n",
       "1        DB00001                Lepirudin             DB06695   \n",
       "2        DB00001                Lepirudin             DB01254   \n",
       "3        DB00001                Lepirudin             DB01609   \n",
       "4        DB00001                Lepirudin             DB01586   \n",
       "...          ...                      ...                 ...   \n",
       "2768186  DB16746  Elivaldogene autotemcel             DB01264   \n",
       "2768187  DB16746  Elivaldogene autotemcel             DB01319   \n",
       "2768188  DB16746  Elivaldogene autotemcel             DB01601   \n",
       "2768189  DB16746  Elivaldogene autotemcel             DB11586   \n",
       "2768190  DB16746  Elivaldogene autotemcel             DB15623   \n",
       "\n",
       "        interaction drug name  \\\n",
       "0                    Apixaban   \n",
       "1        Dabigatran etexilate   \n",
       "2                   Dasatinib   \n",
       "3                 Deferasirox   \n",
       "4        Ursodeoxycholic acid   \n",
       "...                       ...   \n",
       "2768186             Darunavir   \n",
       "2768187         Fosamprenavir   \n",
       "2768188             Lopinavir   \n",
       "2768189           Asunaprevir   \n",
       "2768190            TMC-310911   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                               description  \n",
       "0        Apixaban may increase the anticoagulant activi...  \n",
       "1        Dabigatran etexilate may increase the anticoag...  \n",
       "2        The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhag...  \n",
       "3        The risk or severity of gastrointestinal bleed...  \n",
       "4        The risk or severity of bleeding and bruising ...  \n",
       "...                                                    ...  \n",
       "2768186  The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...  \n",
       "2768187  The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...  \n",
       "2768188  The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...  \n",
       "2768189  The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...  \n",
       "2768190  The therapeutic efficacy of Elivaldogene autot...  \n",
       "\n",
       "[2768191 rows x 5 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "id": "38fd304c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.to_csv('Drugbank drug interactions.tsv',sep='\\t')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "id": "36119d4b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# just printing the first 5000 lines of the file\n",
    "# There wasn't any 'drug-interaction-type' attribute in these lines :(\n",
    "data=[]\n",
    "with open('full database.xml','r',encoding='utf-8') as f:\n",
    "    counter=15000\n",
    "    for line in f:\n",
    "        if counter>0:\n",
    "            data.append(line)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            break\n",
    "        counter-=1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "3224c8cc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>platelet activation</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of blood coagulation</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of cell growth</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of cell proliferation</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of protein phosphorylation</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>post-translational protein modification</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>proteolysis</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>regulation of blood coagulation</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>regulation of cell shape</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>regulation of gene expression</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>response to inactivity</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '          <go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '            <category>process</category>\\n',\n",
       " '            <description>response to wounding</description>\\n',\n",
       " '          </go-classifier>\\n',\n",
       " '        </go-classifiers>\\n',\n",
       " '      </polypeptide>\\n',\n",
       " '    </target>\\n',\n",
       " '  </targets>\\n',\n",
       " '  <enzymes/>\\n',\n",
       " '  <carriers/>\\n',\n",
       " '  <transporters/>\\n',\n",
       " '</drug>\\n',\n",
       " '<drug type=\"biotech\" created=\"2005-06-13\" updated=\"2022-01-02\">\\n',\n",
       " '  <drugbank-id primary=\"true\">DB00002</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '  <drugbank-id>BTD00071</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '  <drugbank-id>BIOD00071</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '  <name>Cetuximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '  <description>Cetuximab is a recombinant chimeric human/mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody that competitively binds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and competitively inhibits the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF).[A227973] EGFR is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases found in both normal and tumour cells; it is responsible for regulating epithelial tissue development and homeostasis.[A228083] EGFR has been implicated in various types of cancer, as it is often overexpressed in malignant cells [A227973] and EGFR overexpression has been linked to more advanced disease and poor prognosis.[A227963] EGFR is often mutated in certain types of cancer and serves as a driver of tumorigenesis.[A228083] _In vitro_, cetuximab was shown to mediate anti-tumour effects in numerous cancer cell lines and human tumour xenografts.[A227963]&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'Approved by the FDA in February 2004 under the brand name ERBITUX, cetuximab is used for the treatment of head and neck cancer and metastatic, KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer, and metastatic colorectal cancer with a BRAF V600E mutation.[A227963,L39045] It has also been investigated in advanced colorectal cancer, EGFR-expressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and unresectable squamous cell skin cancer.[L31418] Cetuximab is administered via intravenous infusion and is used as monotherapy or in combination with other chemotherapies, including platinum agents, radiation therapy, [leucovorin], [fluorouracil], and [irinotecan].[L30448]</description>\\n',\n",
       " '  <cas-number>205923-56-4</cas-number>\\n',\n",
       " '  <unii>PQX0D8J21J</unii>\\n',\n",
       " '  <state>liquid</state>\\n',\n",
       " '  <groups>\\n',\n",
       " '    <group>approved</group>\\n',\n",
       " '  </groups>\\n',\n",
       " '  <general-references>\\n',\n",
       " '    <articles>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A9</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>11752352</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A11</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>16336752</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Snyder LC, Astsaturov I, Weiner LM: Overview of monoclonal antibodies and small molecules targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2005 Nov;5 Suppl 2:S71-80.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A227963</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>16117976</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Wong SF: Cetuximab: an epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Clin Ther. 2005 Jun;27(6):684-94. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.06.003.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A227973</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>15821783</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Harding J, Burtness B: Cetuximab: an epidermal growth factor receptor chemeric human-murine monoclonal antibody. Drugs Today (Barc). 2005 Feb;41(2):107-27. doi: 10.1358/dot.2005.41.2.882662.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A227978</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>16428506</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Kim S, Prichard CN, Younes MN, Yazici YD, Jasser SA, Bekele BN, Myers JN: Cetuximab and irinotecan interact synergistically to inhibit the growth of orthotopic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 15;12(2):600-7. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1325.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A40006</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>28653357</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Ryman JT, Meibohm B: Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2017 Sep;6(9):576-588. doi: 10.1002/psp4.12224. Epub 2017 Jul 29.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A228003</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>18218786</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Dirks NL, Nolting A, Kovar A, Meibohm B: Population pharmacokinetics of cetuximab in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Mar;48(3):267-78. doi: 10.1177/0091270007313393. Epub 2008 Jan 24.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A228078</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>20088790</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Vincenzi B, Zoccoli A, Pantano F, Venditti O, Galluzzo S: Cetuximab: from bench to bedside. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2010 Feb;10(1):80-95. doi: 10.2174/156800910790980241.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '      <article>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>A228083</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <pubmed-id>29124875</pubmed-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <citation>Sigismund S, Avanzato D, Lanzetti L: Emerging functions of the EGFR in cancer. Mol Oncol. 2018 Jan;12(1):3-20. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.12155. Epub 2017 Nov 27.</citation>\\n',\n",
       " '      </article>\\n',\n",
       " '    </articles>\\n',\n",
       " '    <textbooks/>\\n',\n",
       " '    <links>\\n',\n",
       " '      <link>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>L31408</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <title>Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: Cetuximab Safety Data Sheet</title>\\n',\n",
       " '        <url>https://imgcdn.mckesson.com/CumulusWeb/Click_and_learn/SDS_9BRMY_ERBITUX.pdf</url>\\n',\n",
       " '      </link>\\n',\n",
       " '      <link>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>L30448</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <title>FDA Approved Drug Products: ERBITUX (cetuximab) injection, for intravenous use</title>\\n',\n",
       " '        <url>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/125084s275lbl.pdf</url>\\n',\n",
       " '      </link>\\n',\n",
       " '      <link>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>L31418</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <title>StatPearls: Cetuximab</title>\\n',\n",
       " '        <url>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459293/</url>\\n',\n",
       " '      </link>\\n',\n",
       " '      <link>\\n',\n",
       " '        <ref-id>L39045</ref-id>\\n',\n",
       " '        <title>FDA Approved Drug Products: ERBITUX (cetuximab) injection, for intravenous use</title>\\n',\n",
       " '        <url>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/125084s279lbl.pdf</url>\\n',\n",
       " '      </link>\\n',\n",
       " '    </links>\\n',\n",
       " '    <attachments/>\\n',\n",
       " '  </general-references>\\n',\n",
       " '  <synthesis-reference/>\\n',\n",
       " '  <indication>Cetuximab indicated for the treatment of locally or regionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in combination with radiation therapy. It is indicated for treating a recurrent locoregional disease or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in combination with platinum-based therapy with fluorouracil. It is indicated for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck progressing after platinum-based therapy.[L30448]&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'Cetuximab is also indicated for K-Ras wild-type, EGFR-expressing, metastatic colorectal cancer as determined by an FDA-approved test in combination with FOLFIRI, a chemotherapy combination that includes [leucovorin], [fluorouracil], and [irinotecan]; in combination with irinotecan in patients who are refractory to irinotecan-based chemotherapy; or as monotherapy in patients who have failed oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy or who are intolerant to irinotecan.[L30448]&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'Additionally, cetuximab is also indicated for metastatic colorectal cancer that is BRAF V600E mutation-positive (as determined by an FDA-approved test) in combination with [encorafenib] but only after prior therapy.[L39045]&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'Cetuximab is not indicated for the treatment of Ras-mutant colorectal cancer or when the results of the Ras mutation tests are unknown.[L30448]</indication>\\n',\n",
       " '  <pharmacodynamics>Cetuximab is an anticancer agent that works by inhibiting the growth and survival of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing tumour cells with high specificity and higher affinity than epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), which are natural ligands of EGFR.[L31418] Cetuximab works by inhibiting the growth and survival of EGFR-positive tumours.[A227963] _In vitro_, it promotes antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against certain human tumour types. On the contrary, cetuximab does not exert its anti-tumour effects on human tumour xenografts lacking EGFR expression.[A227963, L30448]&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'Cetuximab potentiates the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy when used in combination.[L30448] In human tumour xenograft models in mice, cetuximab and irinotecan synergistically inhibited the growth of orthotopic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma xenografts _in vitro_ and _in vivo_. Cetuximab potentiated the _in vitro_ anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of irinotecan and achieved 93% _in vivo_ inhibition of tumour growth when combined with irinotecan, compared to 77% and 79% inhibition when cetuximab and irinotecan were used alone, respectively.[A227978]</pharmacodynamics>\\n',\n",
       " '  <mechanism-of-action>The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and a type I receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on both normal and malignant cells. It has been investigated as a therapeutic target for anticancer treatment, as it is often upregulated in cancer types, including head and neck, colon, and rectal cancers.[L30448] When activated by its ligand, EGFR undergoes a conformational change and dimerization to form homodimers or heterodimers with another member of the ErbB family of receptors. Dimerization of EGFR activates the intracellular tyrosine kinase region of EGFR and promotes autophosphorylation, initiating a series of downstream signalling cascades, including cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. This EGFR signalling pathway is often dysregulated in cancer cells, leading to aberrant cell growth and enhanced cell survival.[L31418]&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the EGFR on both normal and tumour cells to competitively inhibit the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other ligands that are produced by normal and tumour tissue epithelial cells.[A11, L30448] Upon binding to domain III of EGFR - which is the binding site for its growth factor ligands - cetuximab prevents the receptor from adopting an extended conformation and thereby inhibits EGFR activation, as well as phosphorylation and activation of receptor-associated kinases (MAPK, PI3K/Akt, Jak/Stat).[A11, A228078] Inhibition of the EGFR signalling pathway ultimately leads to inhibition of cell cycle progression, cell survival pathways, and tumour cell motility and invasion.[A227963] Cetuximab also induces cell apoptosis and decreases matrix metalloproteinase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production.[A228078, L30448] _In vitro_, cetuximab was shown to inhibit tumour angiogenesis.[A227978] Binding of cetuximab to EGFR also results in internalization of the antibody-receptor complex, leading to an overall downregulation of EGFR expression.[A227973]&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'K-ras is a small G-protein downstream of EGFR that plays an important role in promoting the EGFR signalling cascade: in some malignant cells, K-ras can acquire activating mutations in exon 2 [L31418] and thus be continuously active regardless of EGFR regulation.[L30448] Since mutant Ras proteins can isolate the pathway from the effect of EGFR, K-Ras mutations can render EGFR inhibitors like cetuximab ineffective in exerting anti-tumour effects.[L30448, L31418] Cetuximab is thus only limited in its use for K-Ras wild-type, EGFR-expressing cancers.[L30448]</mechanism-of-action>\\n',\n",
       " '  <toxicity>The intravenous LD&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; is &gt; 300 mg/kg in mice and &gt; 200 mg/kg in rats.[L31408] There is limited information on the overdose from cetuximab.&#13;\\n',\n",
       " '&#13;\\n',\n",
       " 'In clinical trials, cetuximab was associated with serious and fatal infusion reactions, cardiopulmonary arrest or sudden death, and serious dermatologic toxicities. Pulmonary toxicities, such as interstitial lung disease, interstitial pneumonitis with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and exacerbation of pre-existing fibrotic lung disease have been reported.[L30448]</toxicity>\\n',\n",
       " '  <metabolism>Like other monoclonal antibodies, cetuximab is expected to undergo lysosomal degradation by the reticuloendothelial system and protein catabolism by a target‐mediated disposition pathway.[A40006]</metabolism>\\n',\n",
       " '  <absorption>After administration of a 400 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; initial dose followed by a 250 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; weekly dose, the steady-state levels of cetuximab was reached by the third weekly infusion with mean peak and trough concentrations across studies ranging from 168 µg/mL to 235 µg/mL and 41 µg/mL to 85 µg/mL, respectively.[L30448] T&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; is about 3 hours.[A227963]</absorption>\\n',\n",
       " '  <half-life>After administration of a 400 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; initial dose followed by a 250 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; weekly dose, the mean half-life for cetuximab was approximately 112 hours, with a range of 63 to 230 hours.[L30448]</half-life>\\n',\n",
       " '  <protein-binding>There is no information available.</protein-binding>\\n',\n",
       " '  <route-of-elimination>There is limited information available.</route-of-elimination>\\n',\n",
       " '  <volume-of-distribution>The volume of the distribution is about 2-3 L/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and is independent of dose.[L30448]</volume-of-distribution>\\n',\n",
       " '  <clearance>In patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, the estimated clearance rate was 0.103 L/h.[A228003] At doses ranging from 200 to 400 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, complete saturation of systemic clearance was observed. In a population pharmacokinetic study,  female patients had a 25% lower intrinsic cetuximab clearance than male patients, although there was no evidence of the need for dose modification based on sex.[A227963]</clearance>\\n',\n",
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       " '  <drug-interactions>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00255</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Diethylstilbestrol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Diethylstilbestrol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00269</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Chlorotrianisene</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Chlorotrianisene may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00286</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Conjugated estrogens</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Conjugated estrogens may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00655</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estrone</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estrone may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00783</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estradiol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estradiol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00890</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Dienestrol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Dienestrol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00977</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Ethinylestradiol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Ethinylestradiol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB01357</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Mestranol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Mestranol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04573</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estriol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estriol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04574</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estrone sulfate</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estrone sulfate may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04575</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Quinestrol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Quinestrol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB07931</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Hexestrol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Hexestrol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB09070</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Tibolone</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Tibolone may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB09317</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB09318</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB09369</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Polyestradiol phosphate</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Polyestradiol phosphate may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB09381</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Esterified estrogens</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Esterified estrogens may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB11478</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Zeranol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Zeranol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB11674</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Equol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Equol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB12487</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Promestriene</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Promestriene may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB13143</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Methallenestril</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Methallenestril may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB13386</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Epimestrol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Epimestrol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB13418</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Moxestrol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Moxestrol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB13952</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estradiol acetate</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estradiol acetate may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB13953</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estradiol benzoate</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estradiol benzoate may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB13954</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estradiol cypionate</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estradiol cypionate may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB13956</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estradiol valerate</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estradiol valerate may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB15334</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Biochanin A</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Biochanin A may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB15335</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Formononetin</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Formononetin may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB12235</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Estetrol</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>Estetrol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Cetuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00028</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Human immunoglobulin G</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Human immunoglobulin G.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00043</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Omalizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Omalizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00051</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Adalimumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Adalimumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00054</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Abciximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Abciximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00056</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Gemtuzumab ozogamicin</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Gemtuzumab ozogamicin.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00057</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Indium In-111 satumomab pendetide</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Indium In-111 satumomab pendetide.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00065</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Infliximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Infliximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00072</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Trastuzumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Trastuzumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00073</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Rituximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Rituximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00074</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Basiliximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Basiliximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00075</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Muromonab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Muromonab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00076</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Digoxin Immune Fab (Ovine)</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Digoxin Immune Fab (Ovine).</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00078</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Ibritumomab tiuxetan</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Ibritumomab tiuxetan.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00081</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Tositumomab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Tositumomab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00087</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Alemtuzumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Alemtuzumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00089</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Capromab pendetide</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Capromab pendetide.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00095</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Efalizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Efalizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00098</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (rabbit)</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (rabbit).</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00108</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Natalizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Natalizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00110</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Palivizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Palivizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00111</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Daclizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Daclizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00112</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Bevacizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Bevacizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB00113</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Technetium Tc-99m arcitumomab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Technetium Tc-99m arcitumomab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB01257</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Eculizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Eculizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB01269</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Panitumumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Panitumumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB01270</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Ranibizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Ranibizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04901</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Galiximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Galiximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04949</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Pexelizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Pexelizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04956</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Afelimomab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Afelimomab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04958</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Epratuzumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Epratuzumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04962</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Bectumomab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Bectumomab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04964</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Oregovomab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Oregovomab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB04988</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>IGN311</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with IGN311.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05006</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Adecatumumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Adecatumumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05097</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Labetuzumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Labetuzumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05101</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Matuzumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Matuzumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05111</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Fontolizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Fontolizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05136</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Bavituximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Bavituximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05139</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>CR002</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with CR002.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05209</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Rozrolimupab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Rozrolimupab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05304</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Girentuximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Girentuximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05336</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Obiltoxaximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Obiltoxaximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05405</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>XTL-001</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with XTL-001.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05437</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>NAV 1800</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with NAV 1800.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05459</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Briakinumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Briakinumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05496</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Otelixizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Otelixizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05545</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>AMG 108</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with AMG 108.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05550</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Iratumumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Iratumumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05555</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Enokizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Enokizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05578</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Ramucirumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Ramucirumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05595</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Farletuzumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Farletuzumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05656</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Veltuzumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Veltuzumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05679</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Ustekinumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Ustekinumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05773</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Trastuzumab emtansine</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Trastuzumab emtansine.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05793</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>PRO-542</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with PRO-542.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05797</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>TNX-901</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with TNX-901.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05889</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Inotuzumab ozogamicin</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Inotuzumab ozogamicin.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05892</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>RI 624</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with RI 624.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05915</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>MYO-029</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with MYO-029.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05916</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>CT-011</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with CT-011.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05941</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Leronlimab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Leronlimab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB05996</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Glembatumumab vedotin</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Glembatumumab vedotin.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06043</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Olaratumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Olaratumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06049</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>IPH 2101</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with IPH 2101.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06050</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>TB-402</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with TB-402.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06081</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Caplacizumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Caplacizumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06101</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>IMC-1C11</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with IMC-1C11.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06116</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Eldelumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Eldelumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06162</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Lumiliximab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Lumiliximab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '    <drug-interaction>\\n',\n",
       " '      <drugbank-id>DB06168</drugbank-id>\\n',\n",
       " '      <name>Canakinumab</name>\\n',\n",
       " '      <description>The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cetuximab is combined with Canakinumab.</description>\\n',\n",
       " '    </drug-interaction>\\n']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data[4000:5000]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5ac7e2cd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
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