HomoFast-eSpeak-Persian/src/libespeak-ng/translate.c

/***************************************************************************
 *   Copyright (C) 2005 to 2014 by Jonathan Duddington                     *
 *   email: [email protected]                                    *
 *   Copyright (C) 2015 Reece H. Dunn                                      *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify  *
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by  *
 *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or     *
 *   (at your option) any later version.                                   *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,       *
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of        *
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the         *
 *   GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
 *                                                                         *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License     *
 *   along with this program; if not, see:                                 *
 *               <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.                           *
 ***************************************************************************/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <wctype.h>
#include <wchar.h>

#include "speak_lib.h"
#include "speech.h"
#include "phoneme.h"
#include "synthesize.h"
#include "voice.h"
#include "translate.h"

#define WORD_STRESS_CHAR   '*'


Translator *translator = NULL;    // the main translator
Translator *translator2 = NULL;   // secondary translator for certain words
static char translator2_language[20] = {0};

FILE *f_trans = NULL;     // phoneme output text
int option_tone2 = 0;
int option_tone_flags = 0;   // bit 8=emphasize allcaps, bit 9=emphasize penultimate stress
int option_phonemes = 0;
int option_phoneme_events = 0;
int option_quiet = 0;
int option_endpause = 0;  // suppress pause after end of text
int option_capitals = 0;
int option_punctuation = 0;
int option_sayas = 0;
static int option_sayas2 = 0;  // used in translate_clause()
static int option_emphasis = 0;  // 0=normal, 1=normal, 2=weak, 3=moderate, 4=strong
int option_ssml = 0;
int option_phoneme_input = 0;  // allow [[phonemes]] in input
int option_phoneme_variants = 0;  // 0= don't display phoneme variant mnemonics
int option_wordgap = 0;

static int count_sayas_digits;
int skip_sentences;
int skip_words;
int skip_characters;
char skip_marker[N_MARKER_LENGTH];
int skipping_text;   // waiting until word count, sentence count, or named marker is reached
int end_character_position;
int count_sentences;
int count_words;
int clause_start_char;
int clause_start_word;
int new_sentence;
static int word_emphasis = 0;    // set if emphasis level 3 or 4
static int embedded_flag = 0;    // there are embedded commands to be applied to the next phoneme, used in TranslateWord2()

static int prev_clause_pause=0;
static int max_clause_pause = 0;
static int any_stressed_words;
int pre_pause;
ALPHABET *current_alphabet;


// these were previously in translator class
#ifdef PLATFORM_WINDOWS
char word_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES*2];    // longer, because snprint() is not available
#else
char word_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES];    // a word translated into phoneme codes
#endif
int n_ph_list2;
PHONEME_LIST2 ph_list2[N_PHONEME_LIST];	// first stage of text->phonemes



wchar_t option_punctlist[N_PUNCTLIST]= {0};
char ctrl_embedded = '\001';    // to allow an alternative CTRL for embedded commands
int option_multibyte=espeakCHARS_AUTO;   // 0=auto, 1=utf8, 2=8bit, 3=wchar, 4=16bit

// these are overridden by defaults set in the "speak" file
int option_linelength = 0;

#define N_EMBEDDED_LIST  250
static int embedded_ix;
static int embedded_read;
unsigned int embedded_list[N_EMBEDDED_LIST];

// the source text of a single clause (UTF8 bytes)
static char source[N_TR_SOURCE+40];     // extra space for embedded command & voice change info at end

int n_replace_phonemes;
REPLACE_PHONEMES replace_phonemes[N_REPLACE_PHONEMES];


// brackets, also 0x2014 to 0x021f which don't need to be in this list
static const unsigned short brackets[] = {
	'(',')','[',']','{','}','<','>','"','\'','`',
	0xab,0xbb,  // double angle brackets
	0x300a,0x300b,  // double angle brackets (ideograph)
	0xe000+'<',  // private usage area
	0
};

// other characters which break a word, but don't produce a pause
static const unsigned short breaks[] = {'_', 0};

// treat these characters as spaces, in addition to iswspace()
// static const wchar_t chars_space[] = {0x2500,0x2501,0};  // box drawing horiz


// Translate character codes 0xA0 to 0xFF into their unicode values
// ISO_8859_1 is set as default
static const unsigned short ISO_8859_1[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x00a1, 0x00a2, 0x00a3, 0x00a4, 0x00a5, 0x00a6, 0x00a7, // a0
	0x00a8, 0x00a9, 0x00aa, 0x00ab, 0x00ac, 0x00ad, 0x00ae, 0x00af, // a8
	0x00b0, 0x00b1, 0x00b2, 0x00b3, 0x00b4, 0x00b5, 0x00b6, 0x00b7, // b0
	0x00b8, 0x00b9, 0x00ba, 0x00bb, 0x00bc, 0x00bd, 0x00be, 0x00bf, // b8
	0x00c0, 0x00c1, 0x00c2, 0x00c3, 0x00c4, 0x00c5, 0x00c6, 0x00c7, // c0
	0x00c8, 0x00c9, 0x00ca, 0x00cb, 0x00cc, 0x00cd, 0x00ce, 0x00cf, // c8
	0x00d0, 0x00d1, 0x00d2, 0x00d3, 0x00d4, 0x00d5, 0x00d6, 0x00d7, // d0
	0x00d8, 0x00d9, 0x00da, 0x00db, 0x00dc, 0x00dd, 0x00de, 0x00df, // d8
	0x00e0, 0x00e1, 0x00e2, 0x00e3, 0x00e4, 0x00e5, 0x00e6, 0x00e7, // e0
	0x00e8, 0x00e9, 0x00ea, 0x00eb, 0x00ec, 0x00ed, 0x00ee, 0x00ef, // e8
	0x00f0, 0x00f1, 0x00f2, 0x00f3, 0x00f4, 0x00f5, 0x00f6, 0x00f7, // f0
	0x00f8, 0x00f9, 0x00fa, 0x00fb, 0x00fc, 0x00fd, 0x00fe, 0x00ff, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISO_8859_2[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x0104, 0x02d8, 0x0141, 0x00a4, 0x013d, 0x015a, 0x00a7, // a0
	0x00a8, 0x0160, 0x015e, 0x0164, 0x0179, 0x00ad, 0x017d, 0x017b, // a8
	0x00b0, 0x0105, 0x02db, 0x0142, 0x00b4, 0x013e, 0x015b, 0x02c7, // b0
	0x00b8, 0x0161, 0x015f, 0x0165, 0x017a, 0x02dd, 0x017e, 0x017c, // b8
	0x0154, 0x00c1, 0x00c2, 0x0102, 0x00c4, 0x0139, 0x0106, 0x00c7, // c0
	0x010c, 0x00c9, 0x0118, 0x00cb, 0x011a, 0x00cd, 0x00ce, 0x010e, // c8
	0x0110, 0x0143, 0x0147, 0x00d3, 0x00d4, 0x0150, 0x00d6, 0x00d7, // d0
	0x0158, 0x016e, 0x00da, 0x0170, 0x00dc, 0x00dd, 0x0162, 0x00df, // d8
	0x0155, 0x00e1, 0x00e2, 0x0103, 0x00e4, 0x013a, 0x0107, 0x00e7, // e0
	0x010d, 0x00e9, 0x0119, 0x00eb, 0x011b, 0x00ed, 0x00ee, 0x010f, // e8
	0x0111, 0x0144, 0x0148, 0x00f3, 0x00f4, 0x0151, 0x00f6, 0x00f7, // f0
	0x0159, 0x016f, 0x00fa, 0x0171, 0x00fc, 0x00fd, 0x0163, 0x02d9, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISO_8859_3[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x0126, 0x02d8, 0x00a3, 0x00a4, 0x0000, 0x0124, 0x00a7, // a0
	0x00a8, 0x0130, 0x015e, 0x011e, 0x0134, 0x00ad, 0x0000, 0x017b, // a8
	0x00b0, 0x0127, 0x00b2, 0x00b3, 0x00b4, 0x00b5, 0x0125, 0x00b7, // b0
	0x00b8, 0x0131, 0x015f, 0x011f, 0x0135, 0x00bd, 0x0000, 0x017c, // b8
	0x00c0, 0x00c1, 0x00c2, 0x0000, 0x00c4, 0x010a, 0x0108, 0x00c7, // c0
	0x00c8, 0x00c9, 0x00ca, 0x00cb, 0x00cc, 0x00cd, 0x00ce, 0x00cf, // c8
	0x0000, 0x00d1, 0x00d2, 0x00d3, 0x00d4, 0x0120, 0x00d6, 0x00d7, // d0
	0x011c, 0x00d9, 0x00da, 0x00db, 0x00dc, 0x016c, 0x015c, 0x00df, // d8
	0x00e0, 0x00e1, 0x00e2, 0x0000, 0x00e4, 0x010b, 0x0109, 0x00e7, // e0
	0x00e8, 0x00e9, 0x00ea, 0x00eb, 0x00ec, 0x00ed, 0x00ee, 0x00ef, // e8
	0x0000, 0x00f1, 0x00f2, 0x00f3, 0x00f4, 0x0121, 0x00f6, 0x00f7, // f0
	0x011d, 0x00f9, 0x00fa, 0x00fb, 0x00fc, 0x016d, 0x015d, 0x02d9, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISO_8859_4[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x0104, 0x0138, 0x0156, 0x00a4, 0x0128, 0x013b, 0x00a7, // a0
	0x00a8, 0x0160, 0x0112, 0x0122, 0x0166, 0x00ad, 0x017d, 0x00af, // a8
	0x00b0, 0x0105, 0x02db, 0x0157, 0x00b4, 0x0129, 0x013c, 0x02c7, // b0
	0x00b8, 0x0161, 0x0113, 0x0123, 0x0167, 0x014a, 0x017e, 0x014b, // b8
	0x0100, 0x00c1, 0x00c2, 0x00c3, 0x00c4, 0x00c5, 0x00c6, 0x012e, // c0
	0x010c, 0x00c9, 0x0118, 0x00cb, 0x0116, 0x00cd, 0x00ce, 0x012a, // c8
	0x0110, 0x0145, 0x014c, 0x0136, 0x00d4, 0x00d5, 0x00d6, 0x00d7, // d0
	0x00d8, 0x0172, 0x00da, 0x00db, 0x00dc, 0x0168, 0x016a, 0x00df, // d8
	0x0101, 0x00e1, 0x00e2, 0x00e3, 0x00e4, 0x00e5, 0x00e6, 0x012f, // e0
	0x010d, 0x00e9, 0x0119, 0x00eb, 0x0117, 0x00ed, 0x00ee, 0x012b, // e8
	0x0111, 0x0146, 0x014d, 0x0137, 0x00f4, 0x00f5, 0x00f6, 0x00f7, // f0
	0x00f8, 0x0173, 0x00fa, 0x00fb, 0x00fc, 0x0169, 0x016b, 0x02d9, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISO_8859_5[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x0401, 0x0402, 0x0403, 0x0404, 0x0405, 0x0406, 0x0407, // a0  Cyrillic
	0x0408, 0x0409, 0x040a, 0x040b, 0x040c, 0x00ad, 0x040e, 0x040f, // a8
	0x0410, 0x0411, 0x0412, 0x0413, 0x0414, 0x0415, 0x0416, 0x0417, // b0
	0x0418, 0x0419, 0x041a, 0x041b, 0x041c, 0x041d, 0x041e, 0x041f, // b8
	0x0420, 0x0421, 0x0422, 0x0423, 0x0424, 0x0425, 0x0426, 0x0427, // c0
	0x0428, 0x0429, 0x042a, 0x042b, 0x042c, 0x042d, 0x042e, 0x042f, // c8
	0x0430, 0x0431, 0x0432, 0x0433, 0x0434, 0x0435, 0x0436, 0x0437, // d0
	0x0438, 0x0439, 0x043a, 0x043b, 0x043c, 0x043d, 0x043e, 0x043f, // d8
	0x0440, 0x0441, 0x0442, 0x0443, 0x0444, 0x0445, 0x0446, 0x0447, // e0
	0x0448, 0x0449, 0x044a, 0x044b, 0x044c, 0x044d, 0x044e, 0x044f, // e8
	0x2116, 0x0451, 0x0452, 0x0453, 0x0454, 0x0455, 0x0456, 0x0457, // f0
	0x0458, 0x0459, 0x045a, 0x045b, 0x045c, 0x00a7, 0x045e, 0x045f, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISO_8859_7[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x2018, 0x2019, 0x00a3, 0x20ac, 0x20af, 0x00a6, 0x00a7, // a0  Greek
	0x00a8, 0x00a9, 0x037a, 0x00ab, 0x00ac, 0x00ad, 0x0000, 0x2015, // a8
	0x00b0, 0x00b1, 0x00b2, 0x00b3, 0x0384, 0x0385, 0x0386, 0x00b7, // b0
	0x0388, 0x0389, 0x038a, 0x00bb, 0x038c, 0x00bd, 0x038e, 0x038f, // b8
	0x0390, 0x0391, 0x0392, 0x0393, 0x0394, 0x0395, 0x0396, 0x0397, // c0
	0x0398, 0x0399, 0x039a, 0x039b, 0x039c, 0x039d, 0x039e, 0x039f, // c8
	0x03a0, 0x03a1, 0x0000, 0x03a3, 0x03a4, 0x03a5, 0x03a6, 0x03a7, // d0
	0x03a8, 0x03a9, 0x03aa, 0x03ab, 0x03ac, 0x03ad, 0x03ae, 0x03af, // d8
	0x03b0, 0x03b1, 0x03b2, 0x03b3, 0x03b4, 0x03b5, 0x03b6, 0x03b7, // e0
	0x03b8, 0x03b9, 0x03ba, 0x03bb, 0x03bc, 0x03bd, 0x03be, 0x03bf, // e8
	0x03c0, 0x03c1, 0x03c2, 0x03c3, 0x03c4, 0x03c5, 0x03c6, 0x03c7, // f0
	0x03c8, 0x03c9, 0x03ca, 0x03cb, 0x03cc, 0x03cd, 0x03ce, 0x0000, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISO_8859_9[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x00a1, 0x00a2, 0x00a3, 0x00a4, 0x00a5, 0x00a6, 0x00a7, // a0
	0x00a8, 0x00a9, 0x00aa, 0x00ab, 0x00ac, 0x00ad, 0x00ae, 0x00af, // a8
	0x00b0, 0x00b1, 0x00b2, 0x00b3, 0x00b4, 0x00b5, 0x00b6, 0x00b7, // b0
	0x00b8, 0x00b9, 0x00ba, 0x00bb, 0x00bc, 0x00bd, 0x00be, 0x00bf, // b8
	0x00c0, 0x00c1, 0x00c2, 0x00c3, 0x00c4, 0x00c5, 0x00c6, 0x00c7, // c0
	0x00c8, 0x00c9, 0x00ca, 0x00cb, 0x00cc, 0x00cd, 0x00ce, 0x00cf, // c8
	0x011e, 0x00d1, 0x00d2, 0x00d3, 0x00d4, 0x00d5, 0x00d6, 0x00d7, // d0
	0x00d8, 0x00d9, 0x00da, 0x00db, 0x00dc, 0x0130, 0x015e, 0x00df, // d8
	0x00e0, 0x00e1, 0x00e2, 0x00e3, 0x00e4, 0x00e5, 0x00e6, 0x00e7, // e0
	0x00e8, 0x00e9, 0x00ea, 0x00eb, 0x00ec, 0x00ed, 0x00ee, 0x00ef, // e8
	0x011f, 0x00f1, 0x00f2, 0x00f3, 0x00f4, 0x00f5, 0x00f6, 0x00f7, // f0
	0x00f8, 0x00f9, 0x00fa, 0x00fb, 0x00fc, 0x0131, 0x015f, 0x00ff, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISO_8859_14[0x60] = {
	0x00a0, 0x1e02, 0x1e03, 0x00a3, 0x010a, 0x010b, 0x1e0a, 0x00a7, // a0  Welsh
	0x1e80, 0x00a9, 0x1e82, 0x1e0b, 0x1ef2, 0x00ad, 0x00ae, 0x0178, // a8
	0x1e1e, 0x1e1f, 0x0120, 0x0121, 0x1e40, 0x1e41, 0x00b6, 0x1e56, // b0
	0x1e81, 0x1e57, 0x1e83, 0x1e60, 0x1ef3, 0x1e84, 0x1e85, 0x1e61, // b8
	0x00c0, 0x00c1, 0x00c2, 0x00c3, 0x00c4, 0x00c5, 0x00c6, 0x00c7, // c0
	0x00c8, 0x00c9, 0x00ca, 0x00cb, 0x00cc, 0x00cd, 0x00ce, 0x00cf, // c8
	0x0174, 0x00d1, 0x00d2, 0x00d3, 0x00d4, 0x00d5, 0x00d6, 0x1e6a, // d0
	0x00d8, 0x00d9, 0x00da, 0x00db, 0x00dc, 0x00dd, 0x0176, 0x00df, // d8
	0x00e0, 0x00e1, 0x00e2, 0x00e3, 0x00e4, 0x00e5, 0x00e6, 0x00e7, // e0
	0x00e8, 0x00e9, 0x00ea, 0x00eb, 0x00ec, 0x00ed, 0x00ee, 0x00ef, // e8
	0x0175, 0x00f1, 0x00f2, 0x00f3, 0x00f4, 0x00f5, 0x00f6, 0x1e6b, // f0
	0x00f8, 0x00f9, 0x00fa, 0x00fb, 0x00fc, 0x00fd, 0x0177, 0x00ff, // f8
};

static const unsigned short KOI8_R[0x60] = {
	0x2550, 0x2551, 0x2552, 0x0451, 0x2553, 0x2554, 0x2555, 0x2556, // a0  Russian
	0x2557, 0x2558, 0x2559, 0x255a, 0x255b, 0x255c, 0x255d, 0x255e, // a8
	0x255f, 0x2560, 0x2561, 0x0401, 0x2562, 0x2563, 0x2564, 0x2565, // b0
	0x2566, 0x2567, 0x2568, 0x2569, 0x256a, 0x256b, 0x256c, 0x00a9, // b8
	0x044e, 0x0430, 0x0431, 0x0446, 0x0434, 0x0435, 0x0444, 0x0433, // c0
	0x0445, 0x0438, 0x0439, 0x043a, 0x043b, 0x043c, 0x043d, 0x043e, // c8
	0x043f, 0x044f, 0x0440, 0x0441, 0x0442, 0x0443, 0x0436, 0x0432, // d0
	0x044c, 0x044b, 0x0437, 0x0448, 0x044d, 0x0449, 0x0447, 0x044a, // d8
	0x042e, 0x0410, 0x0411, 0x0426, 0x0414, 0x0415, 0x0424, 0x0413, // e0
	0x0425, 0x0418, 0x0419, 0x041a, 0x041b, 0x041c, 0x041d, 0x041e, // e8
	0x041f, 0x042f, 0x0420, 0x0421, 0x0422, 0x0423, 0x0416, 0x0412, // f0
	0x042c, 0x042b, 0x0417, 0x0428, 0x042d, 0x0429, 0x0427, 0x042a, // f8
};

static const unsigned short ISCII[0x60] = {
	0x0020, 0x0901, 0x0902, 0x0903, 0x0905, 0x0906, 0x0907, 0x0908, // a0
	0x0909, 0x090a, 0x090b, 0x090e, 0x090f, 0x0910, 0x090d, 0x0912, // a8
	0x0913, 0x0914, 0x0911, 0x0915, 0x0916, 0x0917, 0x0918, 0x0919, // b0
	0x091a, 0x091b, 0x091c, 0x091d, 0x091e, 0x091f, 0x0920, 0x0921, // b8
	0x0922, 0x0923, 0x0924, 0x0925, 0x0926, 0x0927, 0x0928, 0x0929, // c0
	0x092a, 0x092b, 0x092c, 0x092d, 0x092e, 0x092f, 0x095f, 0x0930, // c8
	0x0931, 0x0932, 0x0933, 0x0934, 0x0935, 0x0936, 0x0937, 0x0938, // d0
	0x0939, 0x0020, 0x093e, 0x093f, 0x0940, 0x0941, 0x0942, 0x0943, // d8
	0x0946, 0x0947, 0x0948, 0x0945, 0x094a, 0x094b, 0x094c, 0x0949, // e0
	0x094d, 0x093c, 0x0964, 0x0020, 0x0020, 0x0020, 0x0020, 0x0020, // e8
	0x0020, 0x0030, 0x0031, 0x0032, 0x0033, 0x0034, 0x0035, 0x0036, // f0
	0x0037, 0x0038, 0x0039, 0x20,   0x20,   0x20,   0x20,   0x20,   // f8
};

const unsigned short *charsets[N_CHARSETS] = {
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_2,
	ISO_8859_3,
	ISO_8859_4,
	ISO_8859_5,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_7,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_9,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_14,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_1,
	ISO_8859_1,
	KOI8_R,          // 18
	ISCII
};

// Tables of the relative lengths of vowels, depending on the
// type of the two phonemes that follow
// indexes are the "length_mod" value for the following phonemes

// use this table if vowel is not the last in the word
static unsigned char length_mods_en[100] = {
	/*  a   ,   t   s   n   d   z   r   N   <- next */
	100,120,100,105,100,110,110,100, 95, 100,  /* a  <- next2 */
	105,120,105,110,125,130,135,115,125, 100,  /* , */
	105,120, 75,100, 75,105,120, 85, 75, 100,  /* t */
	105,120, 85,105, 95,115,120,100, 95, 100,  /* s */
	110,120, 95,105,100,115,120,100,100, 100,  /* n */
	105,120,100,105, 95,115,120,110, 95, 100,  /* d */
	105,120,100,105,105,122,125,110,105, 100,  /* z */
	105,120,100,105,105,122,125,110,105, 100,  /* r */
	105,120, 95,105,100,115,120,110,100, 100,  /* N */
	100,120,100,100,100,100,100,100,100, 100
}; // SPARE

// as above, but for the last syllable in a word
static unsigned char length_mods_en0[100] = {
	/*  a   ,   t   s   n   d   z   r    N  <- next */
	100,150,100,105,110,115,110,110,110, 100,  /* a  <- next2 */
	105,150,105,110,125,135,140,115,135, 100,  /* , */
	105,150, 90,105, 90,122,135,100, 90, 100,  /* t */
	105,150,100,105,100,122,135,100,100, 100,  /* s */
	105,150,100,105,105,115,135,110,105, 100,  /* n */
	105,150,100,105,105,122,130,120,125, 100,  /* d */
	105,150,100,105,110,122,125,115,110, 100,  /* z */
	105,150,100,105,105,122,135,120,105, 100,  /* r */
	105,150,100,105,105,115,135,110,105, 100,  /* N */
	100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100, 100
}; // SPARE


static unsigned char length_mods_equal[100] = {
	/*  a   ,   t   s   n   d   z   r   N   <- next */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* a  <- next2 */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* , */
	110,120,100,110,100,110,110,110,100, 110,  /* t */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* s */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* n */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* d */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* z */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* r */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110,  /* N */
	110,120,100,110,110,110,110,110,110, 110
}; // SPARE


static unsigned char *length_mod_tabs[6] = {
	length_mods_en,
	length_mods_en,     // 1
	length_mods_en0,    // 2
	length_mods_equal,  // 3
	length_mods_equal,  // 4
	length_mods_equal   // 5
};


void SetLengthMods(Translator *tr, int value)
{//==========================================
	int value2;

	tr->langopts.length_mods0 = tr->langopts.length_mods = length_mod_tabs[value % 100];
	if((value2 = value / 100) != 0)
	{
		tr->langopts.length_mods0 = length_mod_tabs[value2];
	}
}



int IsAlpha(unsigned int c)
{//========================
// Replacement for iswalph() which also checks for some in-word symbols

	static const unsigned short extra_indic_alphas[] = {
		0xa70,0xa71,	// Gurmukhi: tippi, addak
		0
	};

	if(iswalpha2(c))
		return(1);

	if(c < 0x300)
		return(0);

	if((c >= 0x901) && (c <= 0xdf7))
	{
		// Indic scripts: Devanagari, Tamil, etc
		if((c & 0x7f) < 0x64)
			return(1);
		if(lookupwchar(extra_indic_alphas, c) != 0)
			return(1);
		if((c >= 0xd7a) && (c <= 0xd7f))
			return(1);   // malaytalam chillu characters

		return(0);
	}

	if((c >= 0x5b0) && (c <= 0x5c2))
		return(1);  // Hebrew vowel marks

	if(c == 0x0605)
		return(1);

	if((c == 0x670) || ((c >= 0x64b) && (c <= 0x65e)))
		return(1);   // arabic vowel marks

	if((c >= 0x300) && (c <= 0x36f))
		return(1);   // combining accents

	if((c >= 0x780) && (c <= 0x7b1))
		return(1);   // taani/divehi (maldives)

	if((c >= 0xf40) && (c <= 0xfbc))
		return(1);   // tibetan

	if((c >= 0x1100) && (c <= 0x11ff))
		return(1);  //Korean jamo

	if((c >= 0x2800) && (c <= 0x28ff))
		return(1);  // braille

	if((c > 0x3040) && (c <= 0xa700))
		return(1); // Chinese/Japanese.  Should never get here, but Mac OS 10.4's iswalpha seems to be broken, so just make sure

	return(0);
}

int IsDigit09(unsigned int c)
{//============================
	if((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))
		return(1);
	return(0);
}

int IsDigit(unsigned int c)
{//========================
	if(iswdigit(c))
		return(1);

	if((c >= 0x966) && (c <= 0x96f))
		return(1);

	return(0);
}

int IsSpace(unsigned int c)
{//========================
	if(c == 0)
		return(0);
	if((c >= 0x2500) && (c < 0x25a0))
		return(1);  // box drawing characters
	if((c >= 0xfff9) && (c <= 0xffff))
		return(1);  // unicode specials
//	if(wcschr(chars_space,c))
//		return(1);
	return(iswspace(c));
}


void DeleteTranslator(Translator *tr)
{//==================================
	if(tr->data_dictlist != NULL)
		Free(tr->data_dictlist);
	Free(tr);
}


int lookupwchar(const unsigned short *list,int c)
{//==============================================
// Is the character c in the list ?
	int ix;

	for(ix=0; list[ix] != 0; ix++)
	{
		if(list[ix] == c)
			return(ix+1);
	}
	return(0);
}


int lookupwchar2(const unsigned short *list,int c)
{//==============================================
// Replace character c by another character.
// Returns 0 = not found, 1 = delete character
	int ix;

	for(ix=0; list[ix] != 0; ix+=2)
	{
		if(list[ix] == c)
			return(list[ix+1]);
	}
	return(0);
}


int IsBracket(int c)
{//=================
	if((c >= 0x2014) && (c <= 0x201f))
		return(1);
	return(lookupwchar(brackets,c));
}


int utf8_out(unsigned int c, char *buf)
{//====================================
// write a unicode character into a buffer as utf8
// returns the number of bytes written
	int n_bytes;
	int j;
	int shift;
	static char unsigned code[4] = {0,0xc0,0xe0,0xf0};

	if(c < 0x80)
	{
		buf[0] = c;
		return(1);
	}
	if(c >= 0x110000)
	{
		buf[0] = ' ';      // out of range character code
		return(1);
	}
	if(c < 0x0800)
		n_bytes = 1;
	else if(c < 0x10000)
		n_bytes = 2;
	else
		n_bytes = 3;

	shift = 6*n_bytes;
	buf[0] = code[n_bytes] | (c >> shift);
	for(j=0; j<n_bytes; j++)
	{
		shift -= 6;
		buf[j+1] = 0x80 + ((c >> shift) & 0x3f);
	}
	return(n_bytes+1);
}  // end of utf8_out


int utf8_nbytes(const char *buf)
{//=============================
// Returns the number of bytes for the first UTF-8 character in buf
	unsigned char c = (unsigned char)buf[0];
	if(c < 0x80)
		return(1);
	if(c < 0xe0)
		return(2);
	if(c < 0xf0)
		return(3);
	return(4);
}


int utf8_in2(int *c, const char *buf, int backwards)
{//=================================================
// Read a unicode characater from a UTF8 string
// Returns the number of UTF8 bytes used.
// backwards: set if we are moving backwards through the UTF8 string
	int c1;
	int n_bytes;
	int ix;
	static const unsigned char mask[4] = {0xff,0x1f,0x0f,0x07};

	// find the start of the next/previous character
	while((*buf & 0xc0) == 0x80)
	{
		// skip over non-initial bytes of a multi-byte utf8 character
		if(backwards)
			buf--;
		else
			buf++;
	}

	n_bytes = 0;

	if((c1 = *buf++) & 0x80)
	{
		if((c1 & 0xe0) == 0xc0)
			n_bytes = 1;
		else if((c1 & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
			n_bytes = 2;
		else if((c1 & 0xf8) == 0xf0)
			n_bytes = 3;

		c1 &= mask[n_bytes];
		for(ix=0; ix<n_bytes; ix++)
		{
			c1 = (c1 << 6) + (*buf++ & 0x3f);
		}
	}
	*c = c1;
	return(n_bytes+1);
}


int utf8_in(int *c, const char *buf)
{//=================================
// Read a unicode characater from a UTF8 string
// Returns the number of UTF8 bytes used.
	return(utf8_in2(c,buf,0));
}


char *strchr_w(const char *s, int c)
{//=================================
// return NULL for any non-ascii character
	if(c >= 0x80)
		return(NULL);
	return(strchr((char *)s,c));    // (char *) is needed for Borland compiler
}


int IsAllUpper(const char *word)
{//=============================
	int c;
	while((*word != 0) && !isspace2(*word))
	{
		word += utf8_in(&c, word);
		if(!iswupper2(c))
			return(0);
	}
	return(1);
}


static char *SpeakIndividualLetters(Translator *tr, char *word, char *phonemes, int spell_word)
{//============================================================================================
	int posn = 0;
	int capitals = 0;
	int non_initial = 0;

	if(spell_word > 2)
		capitals = 2;  // speak 'capital'
	if(spell_word > 1)
		capitals |= 4; // speak charater code for unknown letters

	while((*word != ' ') && (*word != 0))
	{
		word += TranslateLetter(tr, word, phonemes, capitals | non_initial);
		posn++;
		non_initial = 1;
		if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
		{
			// change to another language in order to translate this word
			strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
			return(NULL);
		}
	}
	SetSpellingStress(tr,phonemes,spell_word,posn);
	return(word);
}  // end of SpeakIndividualLetters



static int CheckDottedAbbrev(char *word1, WORD_TAB *wtab)
{//=====================================================
	int wc;
	int count = 0;
	int nbytes;
	int ok;
	int ix;
	char *word;
	char *wbuf;
	char word_buf[80];

	word = word1;
	wbuf = word_buf;
	ix = 0;

	for(;;)
	{
		ok = 0;
		nbytes = utf8_in(&wc, word);
		if((word[nbytes] == ' ') && IsAlpha(wc))
		{
			if(word[nbytes+1] == '.')
			{
				if(word[nbytes+2] == ' ')
					ok = 1;
				else if(word[nbytes+2] =='\'')
				{
					nbytes += 2;   // delete the final dot (eg. u.s.a.'s)
					ok = 2;
				}
			}
			else if((count > 0) && (word[nbytes] == ' '))
				ok = 2;
		}

		if(ok == 0)
			break;

		for(ix=0; ix < nbytes; ix++)
			*wbuf++ = word[ix];

		count++;

		if(ok == 2)
		{
			word += nbytes;
			break;
		}

		word += (nbytes + 3);
	}

	if(count > 1)
	{
		ix = wbuf - word_buf;
		memcpy(word1, word_buf, ix);
		while(&word1[ix] < word)
			word1[ix++] = ' ';
		dictionary_skipwords = (count - 1)*2;
	}
	return(count);
}  // end of CheckDottedAbbrev


extern char *phondata_ptr;

int ChangeEquivalentPhonemes(Translator *tr, int lang2, char *phonemes)
{//====================================================================
// tr:  the original language
// lang2:  phoneme table number for the temporary language
// phonemes: the phonemes to be replaced

	int ix;
	int len;
	char  phon;
	char *p;
	unsigned char *pb;
	char *eqlist;
	char *p_out;
	char *p_in;
	int  remove_stress = 0;
	char phonbuf[N_WORD_PHONEMES];

	// has a phoneme equivalence table been specified for thus language pair?
	if((ix = phoneme_tab_list[tr->phoneme_tab_ix].equivalence_tables) == 0)
		return(0);

	pb = (unsigned char *)&phondata_ptr[ix];

	for(;;)
	{
		if(pb[0] == 0)
			return(0);   // table not found

		if(pb[0] == lang2)
			break;

		len = (pb[2] << 8) + pb[3];   // size of this table in words
		pb += (len * 4);
	}
	remove_stress = pb[1];

	if(option_phonemes & espeakPHONEMES_TRACE)
	{
		DecodePhonemes(phonemes, phonbuf);
		fprintf(f_trans,"(%s) %s  -> (%s) ", phoneme_tab_list[lang2].name, phonbuf, phoneme_tab_list[tr->phoneme_tab_ix].name);
	}

	p_in = phonemes;
	eqlist = (char *)&pb[8];
	p_out = phonbuf;

	while((phon = *p_in++) != 0)
	{
		if(remove_stress && ((phon & 0xff) < phonSTRESS_PREV))
			continue;   // remove stress marks

		// is there a translation for this phoneme code?
		p = eqlist;
		while(*p != 0)
		{
			len = strlen(&p[1]);
			if(*p == phon)
			{
				strcpy(p_out, &p[1]);
				p_out += len;
				break;
			}
			p += (len + 2);
		}
		if(*p == 0)
		{
			// no translation found
			*p_out++ = phon;
		}
	}
	*p_out = 0;

	if(remove_stress)
	{
		SetWordStress(tr, phonbuf, NULL, -1, 0);
	}

	strcpy(phonemes, phonbuf);

	if(option_phonemes & espeakPHONEMES_TRACE)
	{
		SelectPhonemeTable(tr->phoneme_tab_ix);
		DecodePhonemes(phonemes, phonbuf);
		fprintf(f_trans,"%s\n\n", phonbuf);
	}
	return(1);
}  // end of ChangeEquivalentPhonemes




int TranslateWord(Translator *tr, char *word_start, int next_pause, WORD_TAB *wtab, char *word_out)
{//==================================================================================================
// word1 is terminated by space (0x20) character

	char *word1;
	int word_length;
	int ix;
	char *p;
	int pfix;
	int n_chars;
	unsigned int dictionary_flags[2];
	unsigned int dictionary_flags2[2];
	int end_type=0;
	int end_type1=0;
	int prefix_type=0;
	int prefix_stress;
	char *wordx;
	char phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
	char phonemes2[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
	char prefix_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
	char unpron_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
	char end_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
	char end_phonemes2[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
	char word_copy[N_WORD_BYTES];
	char word_copy2[N_WORD_BYTES];
	int word_copy_length;
	char prefix_chars[0x3f + 2];
	int found=0;
	int end_flags;
	int c_temp;   // save a character byte while we temporarily replace it with space
	int first_char;
	int last_char = 0;
	int add_plural_suffix = 0;
	int prefix_flags = 0;
	int more_suffixes;
	int confirm_prefix;
	int spell_word;
	int stress_bits;
	int emphasize_allcaps = 0;
	int wflags;
	int wmark;
	int was_unpronouncable = 0;
	int loopcount;
	int add_suffix_phonemes = 0;
	WORD_TAB wtab_null[8];

	// translate these to get pronunciations of plural 's' suffix (different forms depending on
	// the preceding letter
	static char word_zz[4] = {0,'z','z',0};
	static char word_iz[4] = {0,'i','z',0};
	static char word_ss[4] = {0,'s','s',0};

	if(wtab == NULL)
	{
		memset(wtab_null, 0, sizeof(wtab_null));
		wtab = wtab_null;
	}
	wflags = wtab->flags;
	wmark = wtab->wmark;

	dictionary_flags[0] = 0;
	dictionary_flags[1] = 0;
	dictionary_flags2[0] = 0;
	dictionary_flags2[1] = 0;
	dictionary_skipwords = 0;

	phonemes[0] = 0;
	unpron_phonemes[0] = 0;
	prefix_phonemes[0] = 0;
	end_phonemes[0] = 0;

	if(tr->data_dictlist == NULL)
	{
		// dictionary is not loaded
		word_phonemes[0] = 0;
		return(0);
	}

	// count the length of the word
	word1 = word_start;
	if(*word1 == ' ') word1++;   // possibly a dot was replaced by space:  $dot
	wordx = word1;

	utf8_in(&first_char,wordx);
	word_length = 0;
	while((*wordx != 0) && (*wordx != ' '))
	{
		wordx += utf8_in(&last_char,wordx);
		word_length++;
	}

	word_copy_length = wordx - word_start;
	if(word_copy_length >= N_WORD_BYTES)
		word_copy_length = N_WORD_BYTES-1;
	memcpy(word_copy2, word_start, word_copy_length);

	spell_word = 0;

	if((word_length == 1) && (wflags & FLAG_TRANSLATOR2))
	{
		// retranslating a 1-character word using a different language, say its name
		utf8_in(&c_temp, wordx+1);  // the next character
		if(!IsAlpha(c_temp) || (AlphabetFromChar(last_char) != AlphabetFromChar(c_temp)))
			spell_word = 1;
	}

	if(option_sayas == SAYAS_KEY)
	{
		if(word_length == 1)
			spell_word = 4;
		else
		{
			// is there a translation for this keyname ?
			word1--;
			*word1 = '_';   // prefix keyname with '_'
			found = LookupDictList(tr, &word1, phonemes, dictionary_flags, 0, wtab);
		}
	}

	// try an initial lookup in the dictionary list, we may find a pronunciation specified, or
	// we may just find some flags
	if(option_sayas & 0x10)
	{
		// SAYAS_CHAR, SAYAS_GYLPH, or SAYAS_SINGLE_CHAR
		spell_word = option_sayas & 0xf;    // 2,3,4
	}
	else
	{
		if(!found)
			found = LookupDictList(tr, &word1, phonemes, dictionary_flags, FLAG_ALLOW_TEXTMODE, wtab);   // the original word


		if((dictionary_flags[0] & (FLAG_ALLOW_DOT | FLAG_NEEDS_DOT)) && (wordx[1] == '.'))
		{
			wordx[1] = ' ';   // remove a Dot after this word
		}

		if(dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_TEXTMODE)
		{
			if(word_out != NULL)
				strcpy(word_out, word1);

			first_char = word1[0];
			stress_bits = dictionary_flags[0] & 0x7f;
			found = LookupDictList(tr, &word1, phonemes, dictionary_flags2, 0, wtab);   // the text replacement
			if(dictionary_flags2[0]!=0)
			{
				dictionary_flags[0] = dictionary_flags2[0];
				dictionary_flags[1] = dictionary_flags2[1];
				if(stress_bits != 0)
				{
					// keep any stress information from the original word
					dictionary_flags[0] = (dictionary_flags[0] & ~0x7f) | stress_bits;
				}
			}
		}
		else if((found==0) && (dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_SKIPWORDS) && !(dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_ABBREV))
		{
			// grouped words, but no translation.  Join the words with hyphens.
			wordx = word1;
			ix = 0;
			while(ix < dictionary_skipwords)
			{
				if(*wordx == ' ')
				{
					*wordx = '-';
					ix++;
				}
				wordx++;
			}
		}

		if((word_length == 1) && (dictionary_skipwords == 0))
		{
			// is this a series of single letters separated by dots?
			if(CheckDottedAbbrev(word1, wtab))
			{
				dictionary_flags[0] = 0;
				dictionary_flags[1] = 0;
				spell_word = 1;
				if(dictionary_skipwords)
					dictionary_flags[0] = FLAG_SKIPWORDS;
			}
		}


		// if textmode, LookupDictList() replaces word1 by the new text and returns found=0

		if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
		{
			// change to another language in order to translate this word
			strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
			return(0);
		}

		if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))
		{
			// the stressed syllable has been specified in the text  (TESTING)
			dictionary_flags[0] = (dictionary_flags[0] & ~0xf) | wmark;
		}

		if(!found && (dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_ABBREV))
		{
			// the word has $abbrev flag, but no pronunciation specified.  Speak as individual letters
			spell_word = 1;
		}

		if(!found && iswdigit(first_char))
		{
			Lookup(tr,"_0lang",word_phonemes);
			if(word_phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
				return(0);

			if((tr->langopts.numbers2 & NUM2_ENGLISH_NUMERALS) && !(wtab->flags & FLAG_CHAR_REPLACED))
			{
				// for this language, speak English numerals (0-9) with the English voice
				sprintf(word_phonemes,"%c",phonSWITCH);
				return(0);
			}

			found = TranslateNumber(tr, word1, phonemes, dictionary_flags, wtab, 0);
		}

		if(!found && ((wflags & FLAG_UPPERS) != FLAG_FIRST_UPPER))
		{
			// either all upper or all lower case

			if((tr->langopts.numbers & NUM_ROMAN) || ((tr->langopts.numbers & NUM_ROMAN_CAPITALS) && (wflags & FLAG_ALL_UPPER)))
			{
				if((wflags & FLAG_LAST_WORD) || !(wtab[1].flags & FLAG_NOSPACE))
				{
					// don't use Roman number if this word is not separated from the next word (eg. "XLTest")
					if((found = TranslateRoman(tr, word1, phonemes, wtab)) != 0)
						dictionary_flags[0] |= FLAG_ABBREV;   // prevent emphasis if capitals
				}
			}
		}

		if((wflags & FLAG_ALL_UPPER) && (word_length > 1)&& iswalpha2(first_char))
		{
			if((option_tone_flags & OPTION_EMPHASIZE_ALLCAPS) && !(dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_ABBREV))
			{
				// emphasize words which are in capitals
				emphasize_allcaps = FLAG_EMPHASIZED;
			}
			else if(!found && !(dictionary_flags[0] &  FLAG_SKIPWORDS) && (word_length<4) && (tr->clause_lower_count > 3)
					&& (tr->clause_upper_count <= tr->clause_lower_count))
			{
				// An upper case word in a lower case clause. This could be an abbreviation.
				spell_word = 1;
			}
		}
	}

	if(spell_word > 0)
	{
		// Speak as individual letters
		phonemes[0] = 0;
		end_type = 0;

		if(SpeakIndividualLetters(tr, word1, phonemes, spell_word) == NULL)
		{
			if(word_length > 1)
				return(FLAG_SPELLWORD);  // a mixture of languages, retranslate as individual letters, separated by spaces
			if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
			{
// problem with espeak -vbg "b.c.d.e.f"
			}
			return(0);
		}
		strcpy(word_phonemes, phonemes);
		if(wflags & FLAG_TRANSLATOR2)
			return(0);
		return(dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_SKIPWORDS);  // for "b.c.d"
	}
	else if(found == 0)
	{
		int posn;
		int non_initial;
		int length;
		// word's pronunciation is not given in the dictionary list, although
		// dictionary_flags may have ben set there

		posn = 0;
		non_initial = 0;
		length = 999;
		wordx = word1;

		while(((length < 3) && (length > 0))|| (word_length > 1 && Unpronouncable(tr, wordx, posn)))
		{
			// This word looks "unpronouncable", so speak letters individually until we
			// find a remainder that we can pronounce.
			was_unpronouncable = FLAG_WAS_UNPRONOUNCABLE;
			emphasize_allcaps = 0;

			if(wordx[0] == '\'')
				break;

			if(posn > 0)
				non_initial = 1;

			wordx += TranslateLetter(tr, wordx, unpron_phonemes, non_initial);
			posn++;
			if(unpron_phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
			{
				// change to another language in order to translate this word
				strcpy(word_phonemes,unpron_phonemes);
				if(strcmp(&unpron_phonemes[1],"en")==0)
					return(FLAG_SPELLWORD);   // _^_en must have been set in TranslateLetter(), not *_rules which uses only _^_
				return(0);
			}

#ifdef deleted
			p = &wordx[word_length-3];    // this looks wrong.  Doesn't consider multi-byte chars.
			if(memcmp(p,"'s ",3) == 0)
			{
				// remove a 's suffix and pronounce this separately (not as an individual letter)
				add_plural_suffix = 1;
				p[0] = ' ';
				p[1] = ' ';
				last_char = p[-1];
			}
#endif
			length=0;
			while(wordx[length] != ' ') length++;
		}
		SetSpellingStress(tr,unpron_phonemes,0,posn);

		// anything left ?
		if(*wordx != ' ')
		{
			if((unpron_phonemes[0] != 0) && (wordx[0] != '\''))
			{
				// letters which have been spoken individually from affecting the pronunciation of the pronuncable part
				wordx[-1] = ' ';
			}

			// Translate the stem
			end_type = TranslateRules(tr, wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags, dictionary_flags);

			if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
			{
				// change to another language in order to translate this word
				strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
				return(0);
			}

#ifdef deleted
// ?? allow $unpr while translating rules, not just on initial FLAG_UNPRON_TEST
if(end_type & SUFX_UNPRON)
{
	phonemes[0] = 0;  // discard and retranslate as individual letters
	SpeakIndividualLetters(tr, wordx, phonemes, 0);
	strcpy(word_phonemes, phonemes);
	return(0);
}
#endif

			if((phonemes[0] == 0) && (end_phonemes[0] == 0))
			{
				int wc;
				// characters not recognised, speak them individually
				// ?? should we say super/sub-script numbers and letters here?
				utf8_in(&wc, wordx);
				if((word_length == 1) && (IsAlpha(wc) || IsSuperscript(wc)))
				{
					if((wordx = SpeakIndividualLetters(tr, wordx, phonemes, spell_word)) == NULL)
					{
						return(0);
					}
					strcpy(word_phonemes, phonemes);
					return(0);
				}
			}

			c_temp = wordx[-1];

			found = 0;
			confirm_prefix = 1;
			for (loopcount = 0; (loopcount < 50) && (end_type & SUFX_P); loopcount++)
			{
				// Found a standard prefix, remove it and retranslate
				// loopcount guards against an endless loop
				if(confirm_prefix && !(end_type & SUFX_B))
				{
					int end2;
					char end_phonemes2[N_WORD_PHONEMES];

					// remove any standard suffix and confirm that the prefix is still recognised
					phonemes2[0] = 0;
					end2 = TranslateRules(tr, wordx, phonemes2, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes2, wflags|FLAG_NO_PREFIX|FLAG_NO_TRACE, dictionary_flags);
					if(end2)
					{
						RemoveEnding(tr, wordx, end2, word_copy);
						end_type = TranslateRules(tr, wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags|FLAG_NO_TRACE, dictionary_flags);
						memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
						if((end_type & SUFX_P) == 0)
						{
							// after removing the suffix, the prefix is no longer recognised.
							// Keep the suffix, but don't use the prefix
							end_type = end2;
							strcpy(phonemes,phonemes2);
							strcpy(end_phonemes,end_phonemes2);
							if(option_phonemes & espeakPHONEMES_TRACE)
							{
								DecodePhonemes(end_phonemes,end_phonemes2);
								fprintf(f_trans,"  suffix [%s]\n\n",end_phonemes2);
							}
						}
						confirm_prefix = 0;
						continue;
					}
				}

				prefix_type = end_type;

				if(prefix_type & SUFX_V)
				{
					tr->expect_verb = 1;      // use the verb form of the word
				}

				wordx[-1] = c_temp;

				if((prefix_type & SUFX_B) == 0)
				{
					for(ix=(prefix_type & 0xf); ix>0; ix--)    // num. of characters to remove
					{
						wordx++;
						while((*wordx & 0xc0) == 0x80) wordx++;  // for multibyte characters
					}
				}
				else
				{
					pfix = 1;
					prefix_chars[0] = 0;
					n_chars = prefix_type & 0x3f;

					for(ix=0; ix < n_chars; ix++)    // num. of bytes to remove
					{
						prefix_chars[pfix++] = *wordx++;

						if((prefix_type & SUFX_B) && (ix == (n_chars-1)))
						{
							prefix_chars[pfix-1] = 0;  // discard the last character of the prefix, this is the separator character
						}
					}
					prefix_chars[pfix] = 0;
				}
				c_temp = wordx[-1];
				wordx[-1] = ' ';
				confirm_prefix = 1;
				wflags |= FLAG_PREFIX_REMOVED;

				if(prefix_type & SUFX_B)
				{
// SUFX_B is used for Turkish, tr_rules contains " ' (Pb"
					// examine the prefix part
					char *wordpf;
					char prefix_phonemes2[12];

					strncpy0(prefix_phonemes2,end_phonemes,sizeof(prefix_phonemes2));
					wordpf = &prefix_chars[1];
					strcpy(prefix_phonemes, phonemes);

					// look for stress marker or $abbrev
					found = LookupDictList(tr, &wordpf, phonemes, dictionary_flags, 0, wtab);
					if(found)
					{
						strcpy(prefix_phonemes, phonemes);
					}
					if(dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_ABBREV)
					{
						prefix_phonemes[0] = 0;
						SpeakIndividualLetters(tr, wordpf, prefix_phonemes, 1);
					}
				}
				else
				{
					strcat(prefix_phonemes,end_phonemes);
				}
				end_phonemes[0] = 0;

				end_type = 0;
				found = LookupDictList(tr, &wordx, phonemes, dictionary_flags2, SUFX_P, wtab);   // without prefix
				if(dictionary_flags[0]==0)
				{
					dictionary_flags[0] = dictionary_flags2[0];
					dictionary_flags[1] = dictionary_flags2[1];
				}
				else
					prefix_flags = 1;
				if(found == 0)
				{
					end_type = TranslateRules(tr, wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags & (FLAG_HYPHEN_AFTER | FLAG_PREFIX_REMOVED), dictionary_flags);

					if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
					{
						// change to another language in order to translate this word
						wordx[-1] = c_temp;
						strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
						return(0);
					}
				}
			}




			if((end_type != 0) && !(end_type & SUFX_P))
			{
				end_type1 = end_type;
				strcpy(phonemes2,phonemes);

				// The word has a standard ending, re-translate without this ending
				end_flags = RemoveEnding(tr, wordx, end_type, word_copy);
				more_suffixes = 1;

				while(more_suffixes)
				{
					more_suffixes = 0;
					phonemes[0] = 0;

					if(prefix_phonemes[0] != 0)
					{
						// lookup the stem without the prefix removed
						wordx[-1] = c_temp;
						found = LookupDictList(tr, &word1, phonemes, dictionary_flags2, end_flags, wtab);  // include prefix, but not suffix
						wordx[-1] = ' ';
						if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
						{
							// change to another language in order to translate this word
							memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
							strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
							return(0);
						}
						if(dictionary_flags[0]==0)
						{
							dictionary_flags[0] = dictionary_flags2[0];
							dictionary_flags[1] = dictionary_flags2[1];
						}
						if(found)
							prefix_phonemes[0] = 0;  // matched whole word, don't need prefix now

						if((found==0) && (dictionary_flags2[0] != 0))
							prefix_flags = 1;
					}
					if(found == 0)
					{
						found = LookupDictList(tr, &wordx, phonemes, dictionary_flags2, end_flags, wtab);  // without prefix and suffix
						if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
						{
							// change to another language in order to translate this word
							memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
							strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
							return(0);
						}

						if(dictionary_flags2[0] & FLAG_ABBREV)
						{
							// Removing the suffix leaves a word which should be spoken as individual letters
							// Not yet implemented
						}
						if(dictionary_flags[0]==0)
						{
							dictionary_flags[0] = dictionary_flags2[0];
							dictionary_flags[1] = dictionary_flags2[1];
						}
					}
					if(found == 0)
					{
						if(end_type & SUFX_Q)
						{
							// don't retranslate, use the original lookup result
							strcpy(phonemes,phonemes2);
						}
						else
						{
							if(end_flags & FLAG_SUFX)
								wflags |= FLAG_SUFFIX_REMOVED;
							if(end_type & SUFX_A)
								wflags |= FLAG_SUFFIX_VOWEL;

							if(end_type & SUFX_M)
							{
								// allow more suffixes before this suffix
								strcpy(end_phonemes2, end_phonemes);
								end_type = TranslateRules(tr, wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags, dictionary_flags);
								strcat(end_phonemes, end_phonemes2);   // add the phonemes for the previous suffixes after this one

								if((end_type != 0) && !(end_type & SUFX_P))
								{
									// there is another suffix
									end_flags = RemoveEnding(tr, wordx, end_type, NULL);
									more_suffixes = 1;
								}
							}
							else
							{
								// don't remove any previous suffix
								TranslateRules(tr, wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL, wflags, dictionary_flags);
								end_type = 0;
							}

							if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
							{
								// change to another language in order to translate this word
								strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
								memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
								wordx[-1] = c_temp;
								return(0);
							}
						}
					}
				}


				if((end_type1 & SUFX_T) == 0)
				{
					// the default is to add the suffix and then determine the word's stress pattern
					AppendPhonemes(tr,phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes);
					end_phonemes[0] = 0;
				}
				memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
			}




			wordx[-1] = c_temp;
		}
	}

	if((add_plural_suffix) || (wflags & FLAG_HAS_PLURAL))
	{
		// s or 's suffix, append [s], [z] or [Iz] depending on previous letter
		if(last_char == 'f')
			TranslateRules(tr, &word_ss[1], phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL, 0, NULL);
		else if((last_char==0) || (strchr_w("hsx",last_char)==NULL))
			TranslateRules(tr, &word_zz[1], phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL, 0, NULL);
		else
			TranslateRules(tr, &word_iz[1], phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL, 0, NULL);
	}

	wflags |= emphasize_allcaps;


	/* determine stress pattern for this word */
	/******************************************/
	add_suffix_phonemes = 0;
	if(end_phonemes[0] != 0)
	{
		add_suffix_phonemes = 2;
	}

	prefix_stress = 0;
	for(p = prefix_phonemes; *p != 0; p++)
	{
		if((*p == phonSTRESS_P) || (*p == phonSTRESS_P2))
		{
			prefix_stress = *p;
		}
	}
	if(prefix_flags || (prefix_stress != 0))
	{
		if((tr->langopts.param[LOPT_PREFIXES]) || (prefix_type & SUFX_T))
		{
			char *p;
			// German, keep a secondary stress on the stem
			SetWordStress(tr, phonemes, dictionary_flags, 3, 0);

			// reduce all but the first primary stress
			ix=0;
			for(p=prefix_phonemes; *p != 0; p++)
			{
				if(*p == phonSTRESS_P)
				{
					if(ix==0)
						ix=1;
					else
						*p = phonSTRESS_3;
				}
			}
#ifdef PLATFORM_WINDOWS
			sprintf(word_phonemes, "%s%s%s", unpron_phonemes, prefix_phonemes, phonemes);
#else
			snprintf(word_phonemes, sizeof(word_phonemes), "%s%s%s", unpron_phonemes, prefix_phonemes, phonemes);
#endif
			word_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES-1] = 0;
			SetWordStress(tr, word_phonemes, dictionary_flags, -1, 0);
		}
		else
		{
			// stress position affects the whole word, including prefix
#ifdef PLATFORM_WINDOWS
			sprintf(word_phonemes, "%s%s%s", unpron_phonemes, prefix_phonemes, phonemes);
#else
			snprintf(word_phonemes, sizeof(word_phonemes), "%s%s%s", unpron_phonemes, prefix_phonemes, phonemes);
#endif
			word_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES-1] = 0;
			SetWordStress(tr, word_phonemes, dictionary_flags, -1, 0);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		if(prefix_phonemes[0] == 0)
			SetWordStress(tr, phonemes, dictionary_flags, -1, add_suffix_phonemes);
		else
			SetWordStress(tr, phonemes, dictionary_flags, -1, add_suffix_phonemes);
#ifdef PLATFORM_WINDOWS
		sprintf(word_phonemes, "%s%s%s", unpron_phonemes, prefix_phonemes, phonemes);
#else
		snprintf(word_phonemes, sizeof(word_phonemes), "%s%s%s", unpron_phonemes, prefix_phonemes, phonemes);
#endif
		word_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES-1] = 0;
	}

	if(end_phonemes[0] != 0)
	{
		// a suffix had the SUFX_T option set, add the suffix after the stress pattern has been determined
		ix = strlen(word_phonemes);
		end_phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES-1-ix] = 0;   // ensure no buffer overflow
		strcpy(&word_phonemes[ix], end_phonemes);
	}

	if(wflags & FLAG_LAST_WORD)
	{
		// don't use $brk pause before the last word of a sentence
		// (but allow it for emphasis, see below
		dictionary_flags[0] &= ~FLAG_PAUSE1;
	}

#ifdef deleted
// but it causes problems if these are not a person name
	if(tr->translator_name == L('h','u'))
	{
		// lang=hu, If the last two words of a clause have capital letters (eg. a person name), unstress the last word.
		if((wflags & (FLAG_LAST_WORD | FLAG_FIRST_UPPER | FLAG_ALL_UPPER | FLAG_FIRST_WORD)) == (FLAG_LAST_WORD | FLAG_FIRST_UPPER))
		{
			if(((wtab[-1].flags & (FLAG_FIRST_UPPER | FLAG_ALL_UPPER)) == FLAG_FIRST_UPPER) && ((tr->clause_terminator != 0x90028) || (wflags & FLAG_HAS_DOT)))
			{
				ChangeWordStress(tr,word_phonemes,3);
			}
		}
	}
#endif

	if((wflags & FLAG_HYPHEN) && (tr->langopts.stress_flags & S_HYPEN_UNSTRESS))
	{
		ChangeWordStress(tr,word_phonemes,3);
	}
	else if(wflags & FLAG_EMPHASIZED2)
	{
		// A word is indicated in the source text as stressed
		// Give it stress level 6 (for the intonation module)
		ChangeWordStress(tr,word_phonemes,6);

		if(wflags & FLAG_EMPHASIZED)
			dictionary_flags[0] |= FLAG_PAUSE1;   // precede by short pause
	}
	else if(wtab[dictionary_skipwords].flags & FLAG_LAST_WORD)
	{
		// the word has attribute to stress or unstress when at end of clause
		if(dictionary_flags[0] & (FLAG_STRESS_END | FLAG_STRESS_END2))
			ChangeWordStress(tr,word_phonemes,4);
		else if((dictionary_flags[0] & FLAG_UNSTRESS_END) && (any_stressed_words))
			ChangeWordStress(tr,word_phonemes,3);
	}


	// dictionary flags for this word give a clue about which alternative pronunciations of
	// following words to use.
	if(end_type1 & SUFX_F)
	{
		// expect a verb form, with or without -s suffix
		tr->expect_verb = 2;
		tr->expect_verb_s = 2;
	}

	if(dictionary_flags[1] & FLAG_PASTF)
	{
		/* expect perfect tense in next two words */
		tr->expect_past = 3;
		tr->expect_verb = 0;
		tr->expect_noun = 0;
	}
	else if(dictionary_flags[1] & FLAG_VERBF)
	{
		/* expect a verb in the next word */
		tr->expect_verb = 2;
		tr->expect_verb_s = 0;   /* verb won't have -s suffix */
		tr->expect_noun = 0;
	}
	else if(dictionary_flags[1] & FLAG_VERBSF)
	{
		// expect a verb, must have a -s suffix
		tr->expect_verb = 0;
		tr->expect_verb_s = 2;
		tr->expect_past = 0;
		tr->expect_noun = 0;
	}
	else if(dictionary_flags[1] & FLAG_NOUNF)
	{
		/* not expecting a verb next */
		tr->expect_noun = 2;
		tr->expect_verb = 0;
		tr->expect_verb_s = 0;
		tr->expect_past = 0;
	}

	if((wordx[0] != 0) && (!(dictionary_flags[1] & FLAG_VERB_EXT)))
	{
		if(tr->expect_verb > 0)
			tr->expect_verb--;

		if(tr->expect_verb_s > 0)
			tr->expect_verb_s--;

		if(tr->expect_noun >0)
			tr->expect_noun--;

		if(tr->expect_past > 0)
			tr->expect_past--;
	}

	if((word_length == 1) && (tr->translator_name == L('e','n')) && iswalpha2(first_char) && (first_char != 'i'))
	{
// English Specific !!!!
		// any single letter before a dot is an abbreviation, except 'I'
		dictionary_flags[0] |= FLAG_ALLOW_DOT;
	}

	if((tr->langopts.param[LOPT_ALT] & 2) && ((dictionary_flags[0] & (FLAG_ALT_TRANS | FLAG_ALT2_TRANS)) != 0))
	{
		ApplySpecialAttribute2(tr,word_phonemes,dictionary_flags[0]);
	}

	dictionary_flags[0] |= was_unpronouncable;
	memcpy(word_start, word_copy2, word_copy_length);
	return(dictionary_flags[0]);
}  //  end of TranslateWord



static void SetPlist2(PHONEME_LIST2 *p, unsigned char phcode)
{//==========================================================
	p->phcode = phcode;
	p->stresslevel = 0;
	p->tone_ph = 0;
	p->synthflags = embedded_flag;
	p->sourceix = 0;
	embedded_flag = 0;
}

static int CountSyllables(unsigned char *phonemes)
{//===============================================
	int count = 0;
	int phon;
	while((phon = *phonemes++) != 0)
	{
		if(phoneme_tab[phon]->type == phVOWEL)
			count++;
	}
	return(count);
}


void Word_EmbeddedCmd()
{//====================
// Process embedded commands for emphasis, sayas, and break
	int embedded_cmd;
	int value;

	do
	{
		embedded_cmd = embedded_list[embedded_read++];
		value = embedded_cmd >> 8;

		switch(embedded_cmd & 0x1f)
		{
		case EMBED_Y:
			option_sayas = value;
			break;

		case EMBED_F:
			option_emphasis = value;
			break;

		case EMBED_B:
			// break command
			if(value == 0)
				pre_pause = 0;  // break=none
			else
				pre_pause += value;
			break;
		}
	} while(((embedded_cmd & 0x80) == 0) && (embedded_read < embedded_ix));
}  // end of Word_EmbeddedCmd


int SetTranslator2(const char *new_language)
{//=========================================
// Set translator2 to a second language
	int new_phoneme_tab;
	const char *new_phtab_name;
	int bitmap;
	int dialect = 0;

	new_phtab_name = new_language;
	if((bitmap = translator->langopts.dict_dialect) != 0)
	{
		if((bitmap & (1 << DICTDIALECT_EN_US)) && (strcmp(new_language, "en") == 0))
		{
			new_phtab_name = "en-us";
			dialect = DICTDIALECT_EN_US;
		}
		if((bitmap & (1 << DICTDIALECT_ES_LA)) && (strcmp(new_language, "es") == 0))
		{
			new_phtab_name = "es-la";
			dialect = DICTDIALECT_ES_LA;
		}
	}

	if((new_phoneme_tab = SelectPhonemeTableName(new_phtab_name)) >= 0)
	{
		if((translator2 != NULL) && (strcmp(new_language,translator2_language) != 0))
		{
			// we already have an alternative translator, but not for the required language, delete it
			DeleteTranslator(translator2);
			translator2 = NULL;
		}

		if(translator2 == NULL)
		{
			translator2 = SelectTranslator(new_language);
			strcpy(translator2_language,new_language);

			if(LoadDictionary(translator2, translator2->dictionary_name, 0) != 0)
			{
				SelectPhonemeTable(voice->phoneme_tab_ix);  // revert to original phoneme table
				new_phoneme_tab = -1;
				translator2_language[0] = 0;
			}
			else
			{
				if(dialect == DICTDIALECT_EN_US)
				{
					// en-us
					translator2->dict_condition = 0x48;  // bits 3, 6
					translator2->langopts.param[LOPT_REDUCE_T] = 1;
				}
				if(dialect == DICTDIALECT_ES_LA)
				{
					translator2->dict_condition = 0x04;  // bit 2
				}
			}
			translator2->phoneme_tab_ix = new_phoneme_tab;
		}
	}
	if(translator2 != NULL)
		translator2->phonemes_repeat[0] = 0;
	return(new_phoneme_tab);
}  // end of SetTranslator2



static int TranslateWord2(Translator *tr, char *word, WORD_TAB *wtab, int pre_pause, int next_pause)
{//=================================================================================================
	int flags=0;
	int stress;
	int next_stress;
	int next_tone=0;
	unsigned char *p;
	int srcix;
	int found_dict_flag;
	unsigned char ph_code;
	PHONEME_LIST2 *plist2;
	PHONEME_TAB *ph;
	int max_stress;
	int max_stress_ix=0;
	int prev_vowel = -1;
	int pitch_raised = 0;
	int switch_phonemes = -1;
	int first_phoneme = 1;
	int source_ix;
	int len;
	int ix;
	int sylimit;        // max. number of syllables in a word to be combined with a preceding preposition
	const char *new_language;
	int bad_phoneme;
	int word_flags;
	int word_copy_len;
	char word_copy[N_WORD_BYTES+1];
	char word_replaced[N_WORD_BYTES+1];
	char old_dictionary_name[40];

	if((f_logespeak != NULL) && (logging_type & 8))
	{
		fprintf(f_logespeak,"WORD: flg=%.5x len=%d  '",wtab->flags,wtab->length);
		for(ix=0; ix<40; ix++)
		{
			if(word[ix]==0) break;
			fputc(word[ix], f_logespeak);
		}
		fprintf(f_logespeak,"'\n");
	}

	len = wtab->length;
	if(len > 31) len = 31;
	source_ix = (wtab->sourceix & 0x7ff) | (len << 11); // bits 0-10 sourceix, bits 11-15 word length

	word_flags = wtab[0].flags;
	if(word_flags & FLAG_EMBEDDED)
	{
		wtab[0].flags &= ~FLAG_EMBEDDED;  // clear it in case we call TranslateWord2() again for the same word
		embedded_flag = SFLAG_EMBEDDED;

		Word_EmbeddedCmd();
	}

	if((word[0] == 0) || (word_flags & FLAG_DELETE_WORD))
	{
		// nothing to translate.  Add a dummy phoneme to carry any embedded commands
		if(embedded_flag)
		{
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].phcode = phonEND_WORD;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].stresslevel = 0;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].wordstress = 0;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].tone_ph = 0;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].synthflags = embedded_flag;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].sourceix = 0;
			n_ph_list2++;
			embedded_flag = 0;
		}
		word_phonemes[0] = 0;
		return(0);
	}

	// after a $pause word attribute, ignore a $pause attribute on the next two words
	if(tr->prepause_timeout > 0)
		tr->prepause_timeout--;

	if((option_sayas & 0xf0) == 0x10)
	{
		if(!(word_flags & FLAG_FIRST_WORD))
		{
			// SAYAS_CHARS, SAYAS_GLYPHS, or SAYAS_SINGLECHARS.  Pause between each word.
			pre_pause += 4;
		}
	}

	if(word_flags & FLAG_FIRST_UPPER)
	{
		if((option_capitals > 2) && (embedded_ix < N_EMBEDDED_LIST-6))
		{
			// indicate capital letter by raising pitch
			if(embedded_flag)
				embedded_list[embedded_ix-1] &= ~0x80;   // already embedded command before this word, remove terminator
			if((pitch_raised = option_capitals) == 3)
				pitch_raised = 20;  // default pitch raise for capitals
			embedded_list[embedded_ix++] = EMBED_P+0x40+0x80 + (pitch_raised << 8);  // raise pitch
			embedded_flag = SFLAG_EMBEDDED;
		}
	}

	p = (unsigned char *)word_phonemes;
	if(word_flags & FLAG_PHONEMES)
	{
		// The input is in phoneme mnemonics, not language text
		int c1;
		char lang_name[12];

		if(memcmp(word,"_^_",3)==0)
		{
			// switch languages
			word+=3;
			for(ix=0;;)
			{
				c1 = *word++;
				if((c1==' ') || (c1==0))
					break;
				lang_name[ix++] = tolower(c1);
			}
			lang_name[ix] = 0;

			if((ix = LookupPhonemeTable(lang_name)) > 0)
			{
				SelectPhonemeTable(ix);
				word_phonemes[0] = phonSWITCH;
				word_phonemes[1] = ix;
				word_phonemes[2] = 0;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			EncodePhonemes(word,word_phonemes,&bad_phoneme);
		}
		flags = FLAG_FOUND;
	}
	else
	{
		int c2;
		ix = 0;
		while(((c2 = word_copy[ix] = word[ix]) != ' ') && (c2 != 0) && (ix < N_WORD_BYTES)) ix++;
		word_copy_len = ix;

		word_replaced[2] = 0;
		flags = TranslateWord(translator, word, next_pause, wtab, &word_replaced[2]);

		if(flags & FLAG_SPELLWORD)
		{
			// re-translate the word as individual letters, separated by spaces
			memcpy(word, word_copy, word_copy_len);
			return(flags);
		}

		if((flags & FLAG_COMBINE) && !(wtab[1].flags & FLAG_PHONEMES))
		{
			char *p2;
			int ok = 1;
			unsigned int flags2[2];
			int c_word2;
			char ph_buf[N_WORD_PHONEMES];

			flags2[0] = 0;
			sylimit = tr->langopts.param[LOPT_COMBINE_WORDS];

			// LANG=cs,sk
			// combine a preposition with the following word
			p2 = word;
			while(*p2 != ' ') p2++;

			utf8_in(&c_word2, p2+1);   // first character of the next word;
			if(!iswalpha2(c_word2))
			{
				ok =0;
			}

			if(ok != 0)
			{
				strcpy(ph_buf,word_phonemes);

				flags2[0] = TranslateWord(translator, p2+1, 0, wtab+1, NULL);
				if((flags2[0] & FLAG_WAS_UNPRONOUNCABLE) || (word_phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH))
					ok = 0;

				if(sylimit & 0x100)
				{
					// only if the second word has $alt attribute
					if((flags2[0] & FLAG_ALT_TRANS) == 0)
					{
						ok = 0;
					}
				}

				if((sylimit & 0x200) && ((wtab+1)->flags & FLAG_LAST_WORD))
				{
					// not if the next word is end-of-sentence
					ok = 0;
				}

				if(ok == 0)
				{
					strcpy(word_phonemes,ph_buf);
				}
			}

			if(ok)
			{
				*p2 = '-'; // replace next space by hyphen
				wtab[0].flags &= ~FLAG_ALL_UPPER;  // prevent it being considered an abbreviation
				flags = TranslateWord(translator, word, next_pause, wtab, NULL);  // translate the combined word
				if((sylimit > 0) && (CountSyllables(p) > (sylimit & 0x1f)))
				{
					// revert to separate words
					*p2 = ' ';
					flags = TranslateWord(translator, word, next_pause, wtab, NULL);
				}
				else
				{
					if(flags == 0)
						flags = flags2[0];   // no flags for the combined word, so use flags from the second word eg. lang-hu "nem december 7-e"
					flags |= FLAG_SKIPWORDS;
					dictionary_skipwords = 1;
				}
			}
		}

		if(p[0]==phonSWITCH)
		{
			int switch_attempt;
			strcpy(old_dictionary_name, dictionary_name);
			for(switch_attempt=0; switch_attempt < 2; switch_attempt++)
			{
				// this word uses a different language
				memcpy(word, word_copy, word_copy_len);

				new_language = (char *)(&p[1]);
				if(new_language[0]==0)
					new_language = "en";

				switch_phonemes = SetTranslator2(new_language);

				if(switch_phonemes >= 0)
				{
					// re-translate the word using the new translator
					wtab[0].flags |= FLAG_TRANSLATOR2;
					if(word_replaced[2] != 0)
					{
						word_replaced[0] = 0;   // byte before the start of the word
						word_replaced[1] = ' ';
						flags = TranslateWord(translator2, &word_replaced[1], next_pause, wtab, NULL);
					}
					else
						flags = TranslateWord(translator2, word, next_pause, wtab, &word_replaced[2]);
				}

				if(p[0] != phonSWITCH)
					break;
			}

			//				strcpy((char *)p,translator2->word_phonemes);

			if(p[0] == phonSWITCH)
				return(FLAG_SPELLWORD);

			if(switch_phonemes < 0)
			{
				// language code is not recognised or 2nd translator won't translate it
				p[0] = phonSCHWA;  // just say something
				p[1] = phonSCHWA;
				p[2] = 0;
			}

// ?? Option to convert from language2 phonemes to the equivalent language1 phonemes
// ?? Option to set the word-stress according to language1 rules eg. lang=fr)
			if(ChangeEquivalentPhonemes(tr, switch_phonemes, (char *)p))
			{
				// Phonemes have been converted from the foreign language to the native language
				switch_phonemes = -1;
			}

			if(switch_phonemes == -1)
			{
				strcpy(dictionary_name, old_dictionary_name);
				SelectPhonemeTable(voice->phoneme_tab_ix);

				// leave switch_phonemes set, but use the original phoneme table number.
				// This will suppress LOPT_REGRESSIVE_VOICING
				switch_phonemes = voice->phoneme_tab_ix;   // original phoneme table
			}
		}

		if(!(word_flags & FLAG_HYPHEN))
		{
			if(flags & FLAG_PAUSE1)
			{
				if(pre_pause < 1)
					pre_pause = 1;
			}
			if((flags & FLAG_PREPAUSE) && !(word_flags & (FLAG_LAST_WORD | FLAG_FIRST_WORD)) && !(wtab[-1].flags & FLAG_FIRST_WORD) && (tr->prepause_timeout == 0))
			{
				// the word is marked in the dictionary list with $pause
				if(pre_pause < 4) pre_pause = 4;
				tr->prepause_timeout = 3;
			}
		}

		if((option_emphasis >= 3) && (pre_pause < 1))
			pre_pause = 1;
	}

	stress = 0;
	next_stress = 1;
	srcix = 0;
	max_stress = -1;

	found_dict_flag = 0;
	if((flags & FLAG_FOUND) && !(flags & FLAG_TEXTMODE))
		found_dict_flag = SFLAG_DICTIONARY;

	while((pre_pause > 0) && (n_ph_list2 < N_PHONEME_LIST-4))
	{
		// add pause phonemes here. Either because of punctuation (brackets or quotes) in the
		// text, or because the word is marked in the dictionary lookup as a conjunction
		if(pre_pause > 1)
		{
			SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2++],phonPAUSE);
			pre_pause -= 2;
		}
		else
		{
			SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2++],phonPAUSE_NOLINK);
			pre_pause--;
		}
		tr->end_stressed_vowel = 0;   // forget about the previous word
		tr->prev_dict_flags[0] = 0;
		tr->prev_dict_flags[1] = 0;
	}
	plist2 = &ph_list2[n_ph_list2];

	if((option_capitals==1) && (word_flags & FLAG_FIRST_UPPER))
	{
		SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2++],phonPAUSE_SHORT);
		SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2++],phonCAPITAL);
		if((word_flags & FLAG_ALL_UPPER) && IsAlpha(word[1]))
		{
			// word > 1 letter and all capitals
			SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2++],phonPAUSE_SHORT);
			SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2++],phonCAPITAL);
		}
	}

	if(switch_phonemes >= 0)
	{
		if((p[0] == phonPAUSE) && (p[1] == phonSWITCH))
		{
			// the new word starts with a phoneme table switch, so there's no need to switch before it.
			if(ph_list2[n_ph_list2-1].phcode == phonSWITCH)
			{
				//previous phoneme is also a phonSWITCH, delete it
				n_ph_list2--;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			// this word uses a different phoneme table
			if(ph_list2[n_ph_list2-1].phcode == phonSWITCH)
			{
				//previous phoneme is also a phonSWITCH, just change its phoneme table number
				n_ph_list2--;
			}
			else
			{
				SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2],phonSWITCH);
			}
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2++].tone_ph = switch_phonemes;  // temporary phoneme table number
		}
	}

	// remove initial pause from a word if it follows a hyphen
	if((word_flags & FLAG_HYPHEN) && (phoneme_tab[*p]->type == phPAUSE))
		p++;

	if((p[0] == 0) && (embedded_flag))
	{
		// no phonemes.  Insert a very short pause to carry an embedded command
		p[0] = phonPAUSE_VSHORT;
		p[1] = 0;
	}

	while(((ph_code = *p++) != 0) && (n_ph_list2 < N_PHONEME_LIST-4))
	{
		if(ph_code == 255)
			continue;      // unknown phoneme

		// Add the phonemes to the first stage phoneme list (ph_list2)
		ph = phoneme_tab[ph_code];

		if(ph_code == phonSWITCH)
		{
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].phcode = ph_code;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].sourceix = 0;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].synthflags = 0;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2++].tone_ph = *p;
			SelectPhonemeTable(*p);
			p++;
		}
		else if(ph->type == phSTRESS)
		{
			// don't add stress phonemes codes to the list, but give their stress
			// value to the next vowel phoneme
			// std_length is used to hold stress number or (if >10) a tone number for a tone language
			if(ph->program == 0)
				next_stress = ph->std_length;
			else
			{
				// for tone languages, the tone number for a syllable follows the vowel
				if(prev_vowel >= 0)
				{
					ph_list2[prev_vowel].tone_ph = ph_code;
				}
				else
				{
					next_tone = ph_code;       // no previous vowel, apply to the next vowel
				}
			}
		}
		else if(ph_code == phonSYLLABIC)
		{
			// mark the previous phoneme as a syllabic consonant
			prev_vowel = n_ph_list2-1;
			ph_list2[prev_vowel].synthflags |= SFLAG_SYLLABLE;
			ph_list2[prev_vowel].stresslevel = next_stress;
		}
		else if(ph_code == phonLENGTHEN)
		{
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2-1].synthflags |= SFLAG_LENGTHEN;
		}
		else if(ph_code == phonEND_WORD)
		{
			// a || symbol in a phoneme string was used to indicate a word boundary
			// Don't add this phoneme to the list, but make sure the next phoneme has
			// a newword indication
			srcix = source_ix+1;
		}
		else if(ph_code == phonX1)
		{
			// a language specific action
			if(tr->langopts.param[LOPT_IT_DOUBLING])
			{
				flags |= FLAG_DOUBLING;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].phcode = ph_code;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].tone_ph = 0;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].synthflags = embedded_flag | found_dict_flag;
			embedded_flag = 0;
			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].sourceix = srcix;
			srcix = 0;

			if(ph->type == phVOWEL)
			{
				stress = next_stress;
				next_stress = 1;  // default is 'unstressed'

				if(stress >= 4)
				{
					any_stressed_words = 1;
				}

				if((prev_vowel >= 0) && (n_ph_list2-1) != prev_vowel)
					ph_list2[n_ph_list2-1].stresslevel = stress;  // set stress for previous consonant

				ph_list2[n_ph_list2].synthflags |= SFLAG_SYLLABLE;
				prev_vowel = n_ph_list2;

				if(stress > max_stress)
				{
					max_stress = stress;
					max_stress_ix = n_ph_list2;
				}
				if(next_tone != 0)
				{
					ph_list2[n_ph_list2].tone_ph = next_tone;
					next_tone=0;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				if(first_phoneme && tr->langopts.param[LOPT_IT_DOUBLING])
				{
					if(((tr->prev_dict_flags[0] & FLAG_DOUBLING) && (tr->langopts.param[LOPT_IT_DOUBLING] & 1)) ||
							(tr->end_stressed_vowel && (tr->langopts.param[LOPT_IT_DOUBLING] & 2)))
					{
						// italian, double the initial consonant if the previous word ends with a
						// stressed vowel, or is marked with a flag
						ph_list2[n_ph_list2].synthflags |= SFLAG_LENGTHEN;
					}
				}
			}

			ph_list2[n_ph_list2].stresslevel = stress;
			n_ph_list2++;
			first_phoneme = 0;
		}
	}

	if(word_flags & FLAG_COMMA_AFTER)
	{
		SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2++],phonPAUSE_CLAUSE);
	}

	// don't set new-word if there is a hyphen before it
	if((word_flags & FLAG_HYPHEN) == 0)
	{
		plist2->sourceix = source_ix;
	}

	tr->end_stressed_vowel = 0;
	if((stress >= 4) && (phoneme_tab[ph_list2[n_ph_list2-1].phcode]->type == phVOWEL))
	{
		tr->end_stressed_vowel = 1;   // word ends with a stressed vowel
	}

	if(switch_phonemes >= 0)
	{
		// this word uses a different phoneme table, now switch back
		strcpy(dictionary_name, old_dictionary_name);
		SelectPhonemeTable(voice->phoneme_tab_ix);
		SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2],phonSWITCH);
		ph_list2[n_ph_list2++].tone_ph = voice->phoneme_tab_ix;  // original phoneme table number
	}


	if(pitch_raised > 0)
	{
		embedded_list[embedded_ix++] = EMBED_P+0x60+0x80 + (pitch_raised << 8);  // lower pitch
		SetPlist2(&ph_list2[n_ph_list2],phonPAUSE_SHORT);
		ph_list2[n_ph_list2++].synthflags = SFLAG_EMBEDDED;
	}

	if(flags & FLAG_STRESS_END2)
	{
		// this's word's stress could be increased later
		ph_list2[max_stress_ix].synthflags |= SFLAG_PROMOTE_STRESS;
	}

	tr->prev_dict_flags[0] = flags;
	return(flags);
}  //  end of TranslateWord2



static int EmbeddedCommand(unsigned int *source_index_out)
{//=======================================================
	// An embedded command to change the pitch, volume, etc.
	// returns number of commands added to embedded_list

	// pitch,speed,amplitude,expression,reverb,tone,voice,sayas
	const char *commands = "PSARHTIVYMUBF";
	int value = -1;
	int sign = 0;
	unsigned char c;
	char *p;
	int cmd;
	int source_index = *source_index_out;

	c = source[source_index];
	if(c == '+')
	{
		sign = 0x40;
		source_index++;
	}
	else if(c == '-')
	{
		sign = 0x60;
		source_index++;
	}

	if(IsDigit09(source[source_index]))
	{
		value = atoi(&source[source_index]);
		while(IsDigit09(source[source_index]))
			source_index++;
	}

	c = source[source_index++];
	if(embedded_ix >= (N_EMBEDDED_LIST - 2))
		return(0);  // list is full

	if((p = strchr_w(commands,c)) == NULL)
		return(0);
	cmd = (p - commands)+1;
	if(value == -1)
	{
		value = embedded_default[cmd];
		sign = 0;
	}

	if(cmd == EMBED_Y)
	{
		option_sayas2 = value;
		count_sayas_digits = 0;
	}
	if(cmd == EMBED_F)
	{
		if(value >= 3)
			word_emphasis = FLAG_EMPHASIZED;
		else
			word_emphasis = 0;
	}

	embedded_list[embedded_ix++] = cmd + sign + (value << 8);
	*source_index_out = source_index;
	return(1);
}  //  end of EmbeddedCommand



static int SubstituteChar(Translator *tr, unsigned int c, unsigned int next_in, int *insert, int *wordflags)
{//=========================================================================================
	int ix;
	unsigned int word;
	unsigned int new_c, c2, c_lower;
	int upper_case = 0;
	static int ignore_next = 0;
	const unsigned int *replace_chars;

	if(ignore_next)
	{
		ignore_next = 0;
		return(8);
	}
	if(c == 0) return(0);

	if((replace_chars = tr->langopts.replace_chars) == NULL)
		return(c);

	// there is a list of character codes to be substituted with alternative codes

	if(iswupper2(c_lower = c))
	{
		c_lower = towlower2(c);
		upper_case = 1;
	}

	new_c = 0;
	for(ix=0; (word = replace_chars[ix]) != 0; ix+=2)
	{
		if(c_lower == (word & 0xffff))
		{
			if((word >> 16) == 0)
			{
				new_c = replace_chars[ix+1];
				break;
			}
			if((word >> 16) == (unsigned int)towlower2(next_in))
			{
				new_c = replace_chars[ix+1];
				ignore_next = 1;
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if(new_c == 0)
		return(c);    // no substitution

	if(new_c & 0xffe00000)
	{
		// there is a second character to be inserted
		// don't convert the case of the second character unless the next letter is also upper case
		c2 = new_c >> 16;
		if(upper_case && iswupper2(next_in))
			c2 = towupper2(c2);
		*insert = c2;
		new_c &= 0xffff;
	}

	if(upper_case)
		new_c = towupper2(new_c);

	*wordflags |= FLAG_CHAR_REPLACED;
	return(new_c);

}


static int TranslateChar(Translator *tr, char *ptr, int prev_in, unsigned int c, unsigned int next_in, int *insert, int *wordflags)
{//================================================================================================================
	// To allow language specific examination and replacement of characters

	int code;
	int initial;
	int medial;
	int final;
	int next2;

	static const unsigned char hangul_compatibility[0x34] = {
		0,  0x00,0x01,0xaa,0x02,0xac,0xad,0x03,
		0x04,0x05,0xb0,0xb1,0xb2,0xb3,0xb4,0xb4,
		0xb6,0x06,0x07,0x08,0xb9,0x09,0x0a,0xbc,
		0x0c,0x0d,0x0e,0x0f,0x10,0x11,0x12,0x61,
		0x62,0x63,0x64,0x65,0x66,0x67,0x68,0x69,
		0x6a,0x6b,0x6c,0x6d,0x6e,0x6f,0x70,0x71,
		0x72,0x73,0x74,0x75
	};

	// check for Korean Hangul letters
	if(((code = c - 0xac00) >= 0) && (c <= 0xd7af))
	{
		// break a syllable hangul into 2 or 3 individual jamo
		initial = (code/28)/21;
		medial = (code/28) % 21;
		final = code % 28;

		if(initial == 11)
		{
			// null initial
			c = medial + 0x1161;
			if(final > 0)
				*insert = final + 0x11a7;
		}
		else
		{
			// extact the initial and insert the remainder with a null initial
			c = initial + 0x1100;
			*insert = (11*28*21) + (medial*28) + final + 0xac00;
		}
		return(c);
	}
	else if(((code = c - 0x3130) >= 0) && (code < 0x34))
	{
		// Hangul compatibility jamo
		return(hangul_compatibility[code] + 0x1100);
	}

	switch(tr->translator_name)
	{
	case L('a','f'):
	case L('n','l'):
		// look for 'n  and replace by a special character (unicode: schwa)


		if(!iswalpha2(prev_in))
		{
			utf8_in(&next2, &ptr[1]);

			if((c == '\'') && IsSpace(next2))
			{
				if((next_in == 'n') && (tr->translator_name == L('a','f')))
				{
					// n preceded by either apostrophe or U2019 "right single quotation mark"
					ptr[0] = ' ';  // delete the  n
					return(0x0259); // replace  '  by  unicode schwa character
				}
				if((next_in == 'n') || (next_in == 't'))
				{
					// Dutch, [@n] and [@t]
					return(0x0259); // replace  '  by  unicode schwa character
				}
			}
		}
		break;
	}
	return(SubstituteChar(tr, c, next_in, insert, wordflags));
}


static const char *UCase_ga[] = {"bp","bhf","dt","gc","hA","mb","nd","ng","ts","tA","nA",NULL};

int UpperCaseInWord(Translator *tr, char *word, int c)
{//=====================================================
	int ix;
	int len;
	const char *p;

	if(tr->translator_name == L('g','a'))
	{
		// Irish
		for(ix=0; ; ix++)
		{
			if((p = UCase_ga[ix]) == NULL)
				break;

			len = strlen(p);
			if((word[-len]==' ') && (memcmp(&word[-len+1], p, len-1) == 0))
			{
				if((c == p[len-1]) || ((p[len-1]=='A') && IsVowel(tr, c)))
					return(1);
			}
		}
	}
	return(0);
}


void *TranslateClause(Translator *tr, FILE *f_text, const void *vp_input, int *tone_out, char **voice_change)
{//==========================================================================================================
	int ix;
	int c;
	int cc;
	unsigned int source_index=0;
	unsigned int prev_source_index=0;
	int source_index_word=0;
	int prev_in;
	int prev_out=' ';
	int prev_out2;
	int prev_in_save=0;
	int next_in;
	int next_in_nbytes;
	int char_inserted=0;
	int clause_pause;
	int pre_pause_add=0;
	int word_mark = 0;
	int all_upper_case=FLAG_ALL_UPPER;
	int finished;
	int single_quoted;
	int phoneme_mode = 0;
	int dict_flags = 0;        // returned from dictionary lookup
	int word_flags;        // set here
	int next_word_flags;
	int new_sentence2;
	int embedded_count = 0;
	int letter_count = 0;
	int space_inserted = 0;
	int syllable_marked = 0;
	int decimal_sep_count = 0;
	char *word;
	char *p;
	int j, k;
	int n_digits;
	int charix_top=0;

	short charix[N_TR_SOURCE+4];
	WORD_TAB words[N_CLAUSE_WORDS];
	static char voice_change_name[40];
	int word_count=0;      // index into words

	char sbuf[N_TR_SOURCE];

	int terminator;
	int tone;
	int tone2;

	if(tr==NULL)
	{
		return(NULL);
	}

	p_textinput = (unsigned char *)vp_input;
	p_wchar_input = (wchar_t *)vp_input;

	embedded_ix = 0;
	embedded_read = 0;
	pre_pause = 0;
	any_stressed_words = 0;

	if((clause_start_char = count_characters) < 0)
		clause_start_char = 0;
	clause_start_word = count_words + 1;

	for(ix=0; ix<N_TR_SOURCE; ix++)
		charix[ix] = 0;
	terminator = ReadClause(tr, f_text, source, charix, &charix_top, N_TR_SOURCE, &tone2, voice_change_name);

	if((f_logespeak != NULL) && (logging_type & 4))
	{
		fprintf(f_logespeak,"CLAUSE %x:\n",terminator);
		for(p=source; *p != 0; p++)
			fputc(*p, f_logespeak);
		fprintf(f_logespeak,"ENDCLAUSE\n");
		fflush(f_logespeak);
	}
	p = source;

	charix[charix_top+1] = 0;
	charix[charix_top+2] = 0x7fff;
	charix[charix_top+3] = 0;

	clause_pause = (terminator & 0xfff) * 10;  // mS
	if(terminator & CLAUSE_PAUSE_LONG)
	  clause_pause = clause_pause * 32 ;  // pause value is *320mS not *10mS

	tone = (terminator >> 12) & 0x7;
	if(tone2 != 0)
	{
		// override the tone type
		tone = tone2;
	}

	for(p=source; *p != 0; p++)
	{
		if(!isspace2(*p))
		{
			break;
		}
	}
	if(*p == 0)
	{
		// No characters except spaces. This is not a sentence.
		// Don't add this pause, just make up the previous pause to this value;
		clause_pause -= max_clause_pause;
		if(clause_pause < 0)
			clause_pause = 0;

		if(new_sentence)
			terminator |= CLAUSE_BIT_SENTENCE;  // carry forward an end-of-sentence indicator
		max_clause_pause += clause_pause;
		new_sentence2 = 0;
	}
	else
	{
		max_clause_pause = clause_pause;
		new_sentence2 = new_sentence;
	}
	tr->clause_terminator = terminator;

	if(new_sentence2)
	{
		count_sentences++;
		if(skip_sentences > 0)
		{
			skip_sentences--;
			if(skip_sentences == 0)
				skipping_text = 0;
		}
	}

	memset(&ph_list2[0],0,sizeof(ph_list2[0]));
	ph_list2[0].phcode = phonPAUSE_SHORT;

	n_ph_list2 = 1;
	tr->prev_last_stress = 0;
	tr->prepause_timeout = 0;
	tr->expect_verb=0;
	tr->expect_noun=0;
	tr->expect_past=0;
	tr->expect_verb_s=0;
	tr->phonemes_repeat_count = 0;
	tr->end_stressed_vowel=0;
	tr->prev_dict_flags[0] = 0;
	tr->prev_dict_flags[1] = 0;

	word_count = 0;
	single_quoted = 0;
	word_flags = 0;
	next_word_flags = 0;

	sbuf[0] = 0;
	sbuf[1] = ' ';
	sbuf[2] = ' ';
	ix = 3;
	prev_in = ' ';

	words[0].start = ix;
	words[0].flags = 0;
	finished = 0;

	for(j=0; charix[j]<=0; j++);
	words[0].sourceix = charix[j];
	k = 0;
	while(charix[j] != 0)
	{
		// count the number of characters (excluding multibyte continuation bytes)
		if(charix[j++] != -1)
			k++;
	}
	words[0].length = k;

	while(!finished && (ix < (int)sizeof(sbuf))&& (n_ph_list2 < N_PHONEME_LIST-4))
	{
		prev_out2 = prev_out;
		utf8_in2(&prev_out,&sbuf[ix-1],1);   // prev_out = sbuf[ix-1];

		if(tr->langopts.tone_numbers && IsDigit09(prev_out) && IsAlpha(prev_out2))
		{
			// tone numbers can be part of a word, consider them as alphabetic
			prev_out = 'a';
		}

		if(prev_in_save != 0)
		{
			prev_in = prev_in_save;
			prev_in_save = 0;
		}
		else if(source_index > 0)
		{
			utf8_in2(&prev_in,&source[source_index-1],1);  //  prev_in = source[source_index-1];
		}

		prev_source_index = source_index;

		if(char_inserted)
		{
			c = char_inserted;
			char_inserted = 0;
		}
		else
		{
			source_index += utf8_in(&cc,&source[source_index]);   // cc = source[source_index++];
			c = cc;
		}
		next_in_nbytes = utf8_in(&next_in,&source[source_index]);

		if(c == 0)
		{
			finished = 1;
			c = ' ';
		}

		if((c == CTRL_EMBEDDED) || (c == ctrl_embedded))
		{
			// start of embedded command in the text
			int srcix = source_index-1;

			if(prev_in != ' ')
			{
				c = ' ';
				prev_in_save = c;
				source_index--;
			}
			else
			{
				embedded_count += EmbeddedCommand(&source_index);
				prev_in_save = prev_in;
				// replace the embedded command by spaces
				memset(&source[srcix],' ',source_index-srcix);
				source_index = srcix;
				continue;
			}
		}

		if((option_sayas2 == SAYAS_KEY) && (c != ' '))
		{
			if((prev_in == ' ') && (next_in == ' '))
				option_sayas2 = SAYAS_SINGLE_CHARS;   // single character, speak its name
			c = towlower2(c);
		}


		if(phoneme_mode)
		{
			all_upper_case = FLAG_PHONEMES;

			if((c == ']') && (next_in == ']'))
			{
				phoneme_mode = 0;
				source_index++;
				c = ' ';
			}
		}
		else if((option_sayas2 & 0xf0) == SAYAS_DIGITS)
		{
			if(iswdigit(c))
			{
				count_sayas_digits++;
				if(count_sayas_digits > (option_sayas2 & 0xf))
				{
					// break after the specified number of digits
					c = ' ';
					space_inserted = 1;
					count_sayas_digits = 0;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				count_sayas_digits = 0;
				if(iswdigit(prev_out))
				{
					c = ' ';
					space_inserted = 1;
				}
			}
		}
		else if((option_sayas2 & 0x10) == 0)
		{
			// speak as words

#ifdef deleted
if((c == '/') && (tr->langopts.testing & 2) && IsDigit09(next_in) && IsAlpha(prev_out))
{
	// TESTING, explicit indication of stressed syllable by /2 after the word
	word_mark = next_in-'0';
	source_index++;
	c = ' ';
}
#endif
			if((c == 0x92) || (c == 0xb4) || (c == 0x2019) || (c == 0x2032))
				c = '\'';    // 'microsoft' quote or sexed closing single quote, or prime - possibly used as apostrophe

			if(((c == 0x2018) || (c == '?')) && IsAlpha(prev_out) && IsAlpha(next_in))
			{
				// ? between two letters may be a smart-quote replaced by ?
				c = '\'';
			}

			if(c == CHAR_EMPHASIS)
			{
				// this character is a marker that the previous word is the focus of the clause
				c = ' ';
				word_flags |= FLAG_FOCUS;
			}

			if(c == CHAR_COMMA_BREAK)
			{
				c = ' ';
				word_flags |= FLAG_COMMA_AFTER;
			}

			c = TranslateChar(tr, &source[source_index], prev_in,c, next_in, &char_inserted, &word_flags);  // optional language specific function
			if(c == 8)
				continue;  // ignore this character

			if(char_inserted)
				next_in = char_inserted;

			// allow certain punctuation within a word (usually only apostrophe)
			if(!IsAlpha(c) && !IsSpace(c) && (wcschr(tr->punct_within_word,c) == 0))
			{
				if(IsAlpha(prev_out))
				{
					if(tr->langopts.tone_numbers && IsDigit09(c) && !IsDigit09(next_in))
					{
						// allow a tone number as part of the word
					}
					else
					{
						c = ' ';   // ensure we have an end-of-word terminator
						space_inserted = 1;
					}
				}
			}

			if(iswdigit(prev_out))
			{
				if(!iswdigit(c) && (c != '.') && (c != ',') && (c != ' '))
				{
					c = ' ';   // terminate digit string with a space
					space_inserted = 1;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				if(prev_in != ',')
				{
					decimal_sep_count = 0;
				}
			}

			if(c == '[')
			{
				if((next_in == '\002') || ((next_in == '[') && option_phoneme_input))
				{
					//  "[\002" is used internally to start phoneme mode
					phoneme_mode = FLAG_PHONEMES;
					source_index++;
					continue;
				}
			}

			if(IsAlpha(c))
			{
				if(!IsAlpha(prev_out) || (tr->langopts.ideographs && ((c > 0x3040) || (prev_out > 0x3040))))
				{
					if(wcschr(tr->punct_within_word,prev_out) == 0)
						letter_count = 0;    // don't reset count for an apostrophy within a word

					if((prev_out != ' ') && (wcschr(tr->punct_within_word,prev_out) == 0))
					{
						// start of word, insert space if not one there already
						c = ' ';
						space_inserted = 1;

						if(!IsBracket(prev_out))    // ?? perhaps only set FLAG_NOSPACE for . - /  (hyphenated words, URLs, etc)
						{
							next_word_flags |= FLAG_NOSPACE;
						}
					}
					else
					{
						if(iswupper2(c))
							word_flags |= FLAG_FIRST_UPPER;

						if((prev_out == ' ') && iswdigit(sbuf[ix-2]) && !iswdigit(prev_in))
						{
							// word, following a number, but with a space between
							// Add an extra space, to distinguish "2 a" from "2a"
							sbuf[ix++] = ' ';
							words[word_count].start++;
						}
					}
				}

				if(c != ' ')
				{
					letter_count++;

					if(tr->letter_bits_offset > 0)
					{
						if(((c < 0x250) && (prev_out >= tr->letter_bits_offset)) ||
								((c >= tr->letter_bits_offset) && (letter_count > 1) && (prev_out < 0x250)))
						{
							// Don't mix native and Latin characters in the same word
							// Break into separate words
							if(IsAlpha(prev_out))
							{
								c = ' ';
								space_inserted = 1;
								word_flags |= FLAG_HYPHEN_AFTER;
								next_word_flags |= FLAG_HYPHEN;
							}
						}
					}
				}

				if(iswupper2(c))
				{
					c = towlower2(c);

					if((j = tr->langopts.param[LOPT_CAPS_IN_WORD]) > 0)
					{
						if((j == 2) && (syllable_marked == 0))
						{
							char_inserted = c;
							c = 0x2c8;   // stress marker
							syllable_marked = 1;
						}
					}
					else
					{
						if(iswlower2(prev_in))
						{
							// lower case followed by upper case in a word
							if(UpperCaseInWord(tr, &sbuf[ix], c) == 1)
							{
								// convert to lower case and continue
								c = towlower2(c);
							}
							else
							{
								c = ' ';      // lower case followed by upper case, treat as new word
								space_inserted = 1;
								prev_in_save = c;
								//							next_word_flags |= FLAG_NOSPACE;  // problem: prevents FLAG_HAS_DOT being set
							}
						}
						else if((c != ' ') && iswupper2(prev_in) && iswlower2(next_in))
						{
							int next2_in;
							utf8_in(&next2_in,&source[source_index + next_in_nbytes]);

							if((tr->translator_name == L('n','l')) && (letter_count==2) && (c == 'j') && (prev_in == 'I'))
							{
								// Dutch words may capitalise initial IJ, don't split
							}
							else
							if(IsAlpha(next2_in))
							{
								// changing from upper to lower case, start new word at the last uppercase, if 3 or more letters
								c = ' ';
								space_inserted = 1;
								prev_in_save = c;
								next_word_flags |= FLAG_NOSPACE;
							}
						}
					}
				}
				else
				{
					if((all_upper_case) && (letter_count > 2))
					{
						if((c == 's') && (next_in==' '))
						{
							c = ' ';
							all_upper_case |= FLAG_HAS_PLURAL;

							if(sbuf[ix-1] == '\'')
								sbuf[ix-1] = ' ';
						}
						else
							all_upper_case = 0;  // current word contains lower case letters, not "'s"
					}
					else
						all_upper_case = 0;
				}
			}
			else if(c=='-')
			{
				if(!IsSpace(prev_in) && IsAlpha(next_in))
				{
					if(prev_out != ' ')
					{
						// previous 'word' not yet ended (not alpha or numeric), start new word now.
						c = ' ';
						space_inserted = 1;
					}
					else
					{
						// '-' between two letters is a hyphen, treat as a space
						word_flags |= FLAG_HYPHEN;
						if(word_count > 0)
							words[word_count-1].flags |= FLAG_HYPHEN_AFTER;
						c = ' ';
					}
				}
				else if((prev_in==' ') && (next_in==' '))
				{
					// ' - ' dash between two spaces, treat as pause
					c = ' ';
					pre_pause_add = 4;
				}
				else if(next_in=='-')
				{
					// double hyphen, treat as pause
					source_index++;
					c = ' ';
					pre_pause_add = 4;
				}
				else if((prev_out == ' ') && IsAlpha(prev_out2) && !IsAlpha(prev_in))
				{
					// insert extra space between a word + space + hyphen, to distinguish 'a -2' from 'a-2'
					sbuf[ix++] = ' ';
					words[word_count].start++;
				}
			}
			else if(c == '.')
			{
				if(prev_out == '.')
				{
					// multiple dots, separate by spaces. Note >3 dots has been replaced by elipsis
					c = ' ';
					space_inserted = 1;
				}
				else if((word_count > 0) && !(words[word_count-1].flags & FLAG_NOSPACE) && IsAlpha(prev_in))
				{
					// dot after a word, with space following, probably an abbreviation
					words[word_count-1].flags |= FLAG_HAS_DOT;

					if(IsSpace(next_in) || (next_in == '-'))
						c = ' ';   // remove the dot if it's followed by a space or hyphen, so that it's not pronounced
				}
			}
			else if(c == '\'')
			{
				if(((prev_in == '.') || iswalnum(prev_in)) && IsAlpha(next_in))
				{
					// between two letters, or in an abbreviation (eg. u.s.a.'s). Consider the apostrophe as part of the word
					single_quoted = 0;
				}
				else if((tr->langopts.param[LOPT_APOSTROPHE] & 1) && IsAlpha(next_in))
				{
					single_quoted = 0;   // apostrophe at start of word is part of the word
				}
				else if((tr->langopts.param[LOPT_APOSTROPHE] & 2) && IsAlpha(prev_in))
				{
					single_quoted = 0;   // apostrophe at end of word is part of the word
				}
				else if((wcschr(tr->char_plus_apostrophe,prev_in) != 0) && (prev_out2 == ' '))
				{
					// consider single character plus apostrophe as a word
					single_quoted = 0;
					if(next_in == ' ')
					{
						source_index++;  // skip following space
					}
				}
				else
				{
					if((prev_out == 's') && (single_quoted==0))
					{
						// looks like apostrophe after an 's'
						c = ' ';
					}
					else
					{
						if(IsSpace(prev_out))
							single_quoted = 1;
						else
							single_quoted = 0;

						pre_pause_add = 4;   // single quote
						c = ' ';
					}
				}
			}
			else
#ifdef deleted
// Brackets are now recognised in TranslateRules()
				if(IsBracket(c))
				{
					pre_pause_add = 4;
					c = ' ';
				}
				else
#endif
					if(lookupwchar(breaks,c) != 0)
					{
						c = ' ';  // various characters to treat as space
					}
					else if(iswdigit(c))
					{
						if(tr->langopts.tone_numbers && IsAlpha(prev_out) && !IsDigit(next_in))
						{
						}
						else if((prev_out != ' ') && !iswdigit(prev_out))
						{
							if((prev_out != tr->langopts.decimal_sep) || ((decimal_sep_count > 0) && (tr->langopts.decimal_sep == ',')))
							{
								c = ' ';
								space_inserted = 1;
							}
							else
							{
								decimal_sep_count = 1;
							}
						}
						else if((prev_out == ' ') && IsAlpha(prev_out2) && !IsAlpha(prev_in))
						{
							// insert extra space between a word and a number, to distinguish 'a 2' from 'a2'
							sbuf[ix++] = ' ';
							words[word_count].start++;
						}
					}
		}

		if(IsSpace(c))
		{
			if(prev_out == ' ')
			{
				word_flags |= FLAG_MULTIPLE_SPACES;
				continue;   // multiple spaces
			}

			if((cc == 0x09) || (cc == 0x0a))
			{
				next_word_flags |= FLAG_MULTIPLE_SPACES;   // tab or newline, not a simple space
			}

			if(space_inserted)
			{
				// count the number of characters since the start of the word
				j = 0;
				k = source_index - 1;
				while((k >= source_index_word) && (charix[k] != 0))
				{
					if(charix[k] > 0)    // don't count initial bytes of multi-byte character
						j++;
					k--;
				}
				words[word_count].length = j;
			}

			source_index_word = source_index;

			// end of 'word'
			sbuf[ix++] = ' ';

			if((word_count < N_CLAUSE_WORDS-1) && (ix > words[word_count].start))
			{
				if(embedded_count > 0)
				{
					// there are embedded commands before this word
					embedded_list[embedded_ix-1] |= 0x80;   // terminate list of commands for this word
					words[word_count].flags |= FLAG_EMBEDDED;
					embedded_count = 0;
				}
				words[word_count].pre_pause = pre_pause;
				words[word_count].flags |= (all_upper_case | word_flags | word_emphasis);
				words[word_count].wmark = word_mark;

				if(pre_pause > 0)
				{
					// insert an extra space before the word, to prevent influence from previous word across the pause
					for(j=ix; j>words[word_count].start; j--)
					{
						sbuf[j] = sbuf[j-1];
					}
					sbuf[j] = ' ';
					words[word_count].start++;
					ix++;
				}

				word_count++;
				words[word_count].start = ix;
				words[word_count].flags = 0;

				for(j=source_index; charix[j] <= 0; j++);   // skip blanks
				words[word_count].sourceix = charix[j];
				k = 0;
				while(charix[j] != 0)
				{
					// count the number of characters (excluding multibyte continuation bytes)
					if(charix[j++] != -1)
						k++;
				}
				words[word_count].length = k;

				word_flags = next_word_flags;
				next_word_flags = 0;
				pre_pause = 0;
				word_mark = 0;
				all_upper_case = FLAG_ALL_UPPER;
				syllable_marked = 0;
			}

			if(space_inserted)
			{
				source_index = prev_source_index;    // rewind to the previous character
				char_inserted = 0;
				space_inserted = 0;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			if((ix < (N_TR_SOURCE - 4)))
				ix += utf8_out(c,&sbuf[ix]);   // sbuf[ix++] = c;
		}
		if(pre_pause_add > pre_pause)
			pre_pause = pre_pause_add;
		pre_pause_add = 0;
	}

	if((word_count==0) && (embedded_count > 0))
	{
		// add a null 'word' to carry the embedded command flag
		embedded_list[embedded_ix-1] |= 0x80;
		words[word_count].flags |= FLAG_EMBEDDED;
		word_count = 1;
	}

	tr->clause_end = &sbuf[ix-1];
	sbuf[ix] = 0;
	words[0].pre_pause = 0;  // don't add extra pause at beginning of clause
	words[word_count].pre_pause = 8;
	if(word_count > 0)
	{
		ix = word_count-1;
		while((ix > 0) && (IsBracket(sbuf[words[ix].start])))
			ix--;  // the last word is a bracket, mark the previous word as last
		words[ix].flags |= FLAG_LAST_WORD;

		// FLAG_NOSPACE check to avoid recognizing  .mr  -mr
		if((terminator & CLAUSE_DOT) && !(words[word_count-1].flags & FLAG_NOSPACE))
			words[word_count-1].flags |= FLAG_HAS_DOT;
	}
	words[0].flags |= FLAG_FIRST_WORD;


	for(ix=0; ix < word_count; ix++)
	{
		int nx;
		int c_temp;
		char *pn;
		char *pw;
		int nw;
		char number_buf[150];
		WORD_TAB num_wtab[50];  // copy of 'words', when splitting numbers into parts

		// start speaking at a specified word position in the text?
		count_words++;
		if(skip_words > 0)
		{
			skip_words--;
			if(skip_words == 0)
				skipping_text = 0;
		}
		if(skipping_text)
			continue;

		current_alphabet = NULL;

		// digits should have been converted to Latin alphabet ('0' to '9')
		word = pw = &sbuf[words[ix].start];

		if(iswdigit(word[0]) && (tr->langopts.break_numbers != BREAK_THOUSANDS))
		{
			// Languages with 100000 numbers.  Remove thousands separators so that we can insert them again later
			pn = number_buf;
			while(pn < &number_buf[sizeof(number_buf)-20])
			{
				if(iswdigit(*pw))
				{
					*pn++ = *pw++;
				}
				else if((*pw == tr->langopts.thousands_sep) && (pw[1] == ' ')
						&& iswdigit(pw[2]) && (pw[3] != ' ') && (pw[4] != ' '))  // don't allow only 1 or 2 digits in the final part
				{
					pw += 2;
					ix++;  // skip "word"
				}
				else
				{
					nx = pw - word;
					memset(word,' ',nx);
					nx = pn - number_buf;
					memcpy(word,number_buf,nx);
					break;
				}
			}
			pw = word;
		}

		for(n_digits=0; iswdigit(word[n_digits]); n_digits++);  // count consecutive digits

		if(n_digits > 4)
		{
			// word is entirely digits, insert commas and break into 3 digit "words"
			number_buf[0] = ' ';
			pn = &number_buf[1];
			nx = n_digits;
			nw = 0;

			if((n_digits > tr->langopts.max_digits) || (word[0] == '0'))
				words[ix].flags |= FLAG_INDIVIDUAL_DIGITS;

			while(pn < &number_buf[sizeof(number_buf)-20])
			{
				if(!IsDigit09(c = *pw++) && (c != tr->langopts.decimal_sep))
					break;

				*pn++ = c;
				nx--;
				if((nx > 0) && (tr->langopts.break_numbers & (1 << nx)))
				{
					memcpy(&num_wtab[nw++], &words[ix], sizeof(WORD_TAB));   // copy the 'words' entry for each word of numbers

					if(tr->langopts.thousands_sep != ' ')
					{
						*pn++ = tr->langopts.thousands_sep;
					}
					*pn++ = ' ';

					if((words[ix].flags & FLAG_INDIVIDUAL_DIGITS) == 0)
					{
						if(tr->langopts.break_numbers & (1 << (nx-1)))
						{
							// the next group only has 1 digits, make it three
							*pn++ = '0';
							*pn++ = '0';
						}
						if(tr->langopts.break_numbers & (1 << (nx-2)))
						{
							// the next group only has 2 digits (eg. Indian languages), make it three
							*pn++ = '0';
						}
					}
				}
			}
			pw--;
			memcpy(&num_wtab[nw], &words[ix], sizeof(WORD_TAB)*2);    // the original number word, and the word after it

			for(j=1; j<=nw; j++)
			{
				num_wtab[j].flags &= ~(FLAG_MULTIPLE_SPACES | FLAG_EMBEDDED);     // don't use these flags for subsequent parts when splitting a number
			}

			// include the next few characters, in case there are an ordinal indicator or other suffix
			memcpy(pn, pw, 16);
			pn[16] = 0;
			nw = 0;

			for(pw = &number_buf[1]; pw < pn;)
			{
				// keep wflags for each part, for FLAG_HYPHEN_AFTER
				dict_flags = TranslateWord2(tr, pw, &num_wtab[nw++], words[ix].pre_pause,0 );
				while(*pw++ != ' ');
				words[ix].pre_pause = 0;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			pre_pause = 0;

			dict_flags = TranslateWord2(tr, word, &words[ix], words[ix].pre_pause, words[ix+1].pre_pause);

			if(pre_pause > words[ix+1].pre_pause)
			{
				words[ix+1].pre_pause = pre_pause;
				pre_pause = 0;
			}

			if(dict_flags & FLAG_SPELLWORD)
			{
				// redo the word, speaking single letters
				for(pw = word; *pw != ' ';)
				{
					memset(number_buf,' ',9);
					nx = utf8_in(&c_temp, pw);
					memcpy(&number_buf[2],pw,nx);
					TranslateWord2(tr, &number_buf[2], &words[ix], 0, 0 );
					pw += nx;
				}
			}

			if((dict_flags & (FLAG_ALLOW_DOT | FLAG_NEEDS_DOT)) && (ix == word_count - 1 - dictionary_skipwords) && (terminator & CLAUSE_DOT))
			{
				// probably an abbreviation such as Mr. or B. rather than end of sentence
				clause_pause = 10;
				tone = 4;
			}
		}

		if(dict_flags & FLAG_SKIPWORDS)
		{
			// dictionary indicates skip next word(s)
			while(dictionary_skipwords > 0)
			{
				words[ix+dictionary_skipwords].flags |= FLAG_DELETE_WORD;
				dictionary_skipwords--;
			}
		}
	}

	if(embedded_read < embedded_ix)
	{
		// any embedded commands not yet processed?
		Word_EmbeddedCmd();
	}

	for(ix=0; ix<2; ix++)
	{
		// terminate the clause with 2 PAUSE phonemes
		PHONEME_LIST2 *p2;
		p2 = &ph_list2[n_ph_list2 + ix];
		p2->phcode = phonPAUSE;
		p2->stresslevel = 0;
		p2->sourceix = source_index;
		p2->synthflags = 0;
	}
	n_ph_list2 += 2;

	if(count_words == 0)
	{
		clause_pause = 0;
	}
	if(Eof() && ((word_count == 0) || (option_endpause==0)))
	{
		clause_pause = 10;
	}

	MakePhonemeList(tr, clause_pause, new_sentence2);
	phoneme_list[N_PHONEME_LIST].ph = NULL;   // recognize end of phoneme_list array, in Generate()
	phoneme_list[N_PHONEME_LIST].sourceix = 1;

	if(embedded_count)   // ???? is this needed
	{
		phoneme_list[n_phoneme_list-2].synthflags = SFLAG_EMBEDDED;
		embedded_list[embedded_ix-1] |= 0x80;
		embedded_list[embedded_ix] = 0x80;
	}


	prev_clause_pause = clause_pause;

	if(tone_out != NULL)
		*tone_out = tone;

	new_sentence = 0;
	if(terminator & CLAUSE_BIT_SENTENCE)
	{
		new_sentence = 1;  // next clause is a new sentence
	}


	if(voice_change != NULL)
	{
		// return new voice name if an embedded voice change command terminated the clause
		if(terminator & CLAUSE_BIT_VOICE)
			*voice_change = voice_change_name;
		else
			*voice_change = NULL;
	}

	if(Eof() || (vp_input==NULL))
		return(NULL);

	if(option_multibyte == espeakCHARS_WCHAR)
		return((void *)p_wchar_input);
	else
		return((void *)p_textinput);
}  //  end of TranslateClause





void InitText(int control)
{//=======================
	count_sentences = 0;
	count_words = 0;
	end_character_position = 0;
	skip_sentences = 0;
	skip_marker[0] = 0;
	skip_words = 0;
	skip_characters = 0;
	skipping_text = 0;
	new_sentence = 1;

	prev_clause_pause = 0;

	option_sayas = 0;
	option_sayas2 = 0;
	option_emphasis = 0;
	word_emphasis = 0;
	embedded_flag = 0;

	InitText2();

	if((control & espeakKEEP_NAMEDATA) == 0)
	{
		InitNamedata();
	}
}