HomoFast-eSpeak-Persian/phsource/ph_ipa

// International Phonetic Alphabet phonemes using the Conlang X-SAMPA (CXS)
// transcription scheme.
//
// Reference: "X-SAMPA / CXS" http://www.theiling.de/ipa/
// Reference: "CXS" https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Appendix/CXS

// Consonants (Pulmonic)
// =====================
//
// |         | blb |     | lbd |     | dnt |     | alv |     | pla |     | rfx |     | alp |     | pal |     | vel |     | uvl |     | phr |     | glt |     |
// |         | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd |
// |---------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
// | nas     |     | m   |     |     |     |     |     | n   |     |     |     | n`  |     |     |     | J   |     | N   |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | stp     | p   | b   |     |     | t_d | d_d | t   | d   |     |     |     |     |     |     | c   | J\  |     | g   | q   |     |     |     |     |     |
// | sib afr |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | tS) | dZ) |     |     | ts\)| dz\)|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | afr     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | lat afr |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | sib frc |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | z   |     | Z   |     | z`  |     | z\  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | frc     |     | B   |     | v   |     | D   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | j\  |     | G   |     | R   |     |     |     |     |
// | lat frc |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | apr     |     | P   |     |     |     |     |     | r\  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | j   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | lat apr |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | l   |     |     |     | l`  |     |     |     | L   |     | L\  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | flp     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | lat flp |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | trl     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

// Other Symbols
// =============
//
// |             | bld |     | alv |     | pla |     | pal |     | lbv |     | vel |     |
// |             | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd | vls | vcd |
// |-------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
// | nas         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | stp         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | afr         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | vzd frc     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
// | ptr apr     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | w   |
// | fzd lat apr |     |     |     | l_e |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

// NOTE: ')' needs to be replaced with '\)' and '\' with '\\' when referencing these phonemes in the phoneme files.

// nasal

phoneme m
  vcd blb nas
  ipa m
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80 brk
  lengthmod 4

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -50 -200  f3=-200 80
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/m_)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/m)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(m/m@)
    VowelStart(m/ma)
    VowelStart(m/me)
    VowelStart(m/mi)
    VowelStart(m/mo)
    VowelStart(m/mu)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
    FMT(m/mj)
  ELIF prevPh(isPause) THEN
    FMT(m/_m)
  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    FMT(m/m_)
  ENDIF
endphoneme

phoneme n
  vcd alv nas
  ipa n
  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1500 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20 brk
  lengthmod 4

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    Vowelin f1=0 f2=1500 -200 200 f3=0 80
    FMT(klatt/n)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(n/n@)
    VowelStart(n/na)
    VowelStart(n/ne)
    VowelStart(n/ni)
    VowelStart(n/no)
    VowelStart(n/nu)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
    FMT(n/nj)
  ELIF prevPh(isPause) OR prevPh(n) THEN
    FMT(n/_n)
  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    FMT(n/n_)
  ENDIF
endphoneme

phoneme n`
  vcd rfx nas
  ipa ɳ
  starttype n  endtype n
  Vowelin f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-500 80  rms=20 colr=2
  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-500 80  rms=20 brk colr=2
  lengthmod 4

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    FMT(klatt/nr)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(n/nr@)
    VowelStart(n/nra)
    VowelStart(n/nre)
    VowelStart(n/nri)
    VowelStart(n/nro)
    VowelStart(n/nru)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
    FMT(n/nj)
  ELIF prevPh(isPause) OR prevPh(n`) THEN
    FMT(n/_nr)
  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    FMT(n/nr_)
  ENDIF
endphoneme

phoneme J
  vcd pal nas
  ipa ɲ
  Vowelout f1=3 f2=2500 300 500  f3=100 80  len=45 brk rate
  lengthmod 4

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    VowelStart(klatt/n^@)
    FMT(klatt/n^)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(n^/n^@)
    VowelStart(n^/n^a)
    VowelStart(n^/n^e)
    VowelStart(n^/n^i)
    VowelStart(n^/n^o)
    VowelStart(n^/n^u)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
    FMT(n^/_n^)
  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    IF nextPhW(J) THEN
      length 75
    ELIF prevPhW(J) THEN
      length 100
    ENDIF
    FMT(n^/n^_)
  ENDIF
endphoneme

phoneme N
  vcd vel nas
  ipa ŋ
  Vowelout f1=3 f2=2300 300 400  f3=-200 80  len=40 rms=20 brk
  lengthmod 8 // longer than 'n'

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    Vowelin f1=0 f2=2100 50 300 f3=0 80
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/nn_)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/nn)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(nn/nn@)
    VowelStart(nn/nna)
    VowelStart(nn/nne)
    VowelStart(nn/nni)
    VowelStart(nn/nno)
    VowelStart(nn/nnu)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(#i) THEN
    VowelEnding(nn/inn, -40)
  ENDIF

  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
    FMT(nn/nnj)
  ELIF prevPh(isPause) THEN
    FMT(nn/_nn)
  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    FMT(nn/nn_)
  ENDIF
endphoneme

// stop

phoneme p
  vls blb stp
  ipa p
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -50 -100  f3=-200 80 amp=11
  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-300 80 rms=22

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/p_)
  ELIF nextPh(isRhotic) THEN
    WAV(ustop/pr, 70)
  ELIF nextPh(#@) THEN
    WAV(ustop/p_unasp)
  ELIF nextPh(l) THEN
    WAV(ustop/pl)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/p)
endphoneme

phoneme b
  vcd blb stp
  ipa b
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 80 brk
  lengthmod 5

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    FMT(b/xb)
  ENDIF

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    Vowelin f1=1  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 80
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/b)  addWav(x/b_)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/b) addWav(x/b)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(b/b_) addWav(x/b_)
  ELIF nextPh(#@) THEN
    FMT(b/b@) addWav(x/b)
  ELIF nextPh(#a) THEN
    FMT(b/ba) addWav(x/b)
  ELIF nextPh(#e) THEN
    FMT(b/be) addWav(x/b)
  ELIF nextPh(#i) THEN
    FMT(b/bi) addWav(x/b)
  ELIF nextPh(#o) THEN
    FMT(b/bo) addWav(x/b)
  ELIF nextPh(#u) THEN
    FMT(b/bu) addWav(x/b)
  ENDIF

  FMT(b/b) addWav(x/b)
endphoneme

phoneme t_d
  vls dnt stp
  ipa t̪
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=1  f2=1500 -250 250  f3=-100 80  amp=16
  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1500 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/t_dnt, 35)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/t_hi, 70)
endphoneme

phoneme d_d
  vcd dnt stp
  ipa d̪
  lengthmod 5
  Vowelin f1=2  f2=1500 -300 300  f3=-150 80
  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1500 -300 300  f3=-150 80

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    FMT(d/xd)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(d/d_)  addWav(x/d_)
  ELIF nextPh(isRhotic) THEN
    FMT(d/dr) addWav(x/d_dnt, 100)
  ENDIF

  FMT(d/d) addWav(x/d_dnt, 100)
endphoneme

phoneme t
  vls alv stp
  ipa t
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/t_)
  ELIF nextPh(isRhotic) THEN
    WAV(ustop/tr)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/t, 90)
endphoneme

phoneme d
  vcd alv stp
  ipa d
  lengthmod 5
  Vowelin f1=1  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80 brk

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    FMT(d/xd)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(d/d_)  addWav(x/d_)
  ENDIF

  FMT(d/d) addWav(x/d)
endphoneme

phoneme c
  vls pal stp
  ipa c
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  Vowelout f1=1  f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 70 len=50 colr=1

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/t_pzd, 30)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/c, 150)
endphoneme

phoneme J\\
  vcd pal stp
  ipa ɟ
  lengthmod 5
  Vowelin f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  Vowelout f1=2 f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 colr=1

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    FMT(dzh/xdz_pzd)
  ENDIF

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/dz_pzd_) addWav(x/dzh, 35)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/dz_pzd) addWav(x/dzh, 45)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(dzh/dz_pzd_) addWav(x/dzh, 35)
  ENDIF
  FMT(dzh/dz_pzd) addWav(x/dzh, 45)
endphoneme

phoneme g
  vcd vel stp
  ipa ɡ
  lengthmod 5
  Vowelin f1=2  f2=2300 200 300  f3=-300 80
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=2300 250 300  f3=-300 80 brk

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    FMT(g/xg)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(g/g_) addWav(x/g_)
  ENDIF
  FMT(g/g) addWav(x/g2, 150)
endphoneme

phoneme q
  vls uvl stp
  ipa q
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=1  f2=1700 0 200  f3=-300 80 gpaus f4 rms=30
  Vowelout f1=1 f2=1700 -100 200  f3=-300 80  f4 rms=35

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/q, 40)
  ELIF nextPh(#u) THEN
    WAV(ustop/q_u, 80)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/q, 48)
endphoneme

// affricate

phoneme tS\)
  vls pla sib afr
  ipa t͡ʃ
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=2300 200 400  f3=-100 80

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/tsh_)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/tsh)
endphoneme

phoneme dZ\)
  vcd pla sib afr
  ipa d͡ʒ
  lengthmod 5
  Vowelin f1=2  f2=2300 200 400  f3=100 80
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=2300 250 300  f3=100 80 brk

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    FMT(dzh/xdzh)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(dzh/dzh_) addWav(x/dzh_)
  ENDIF
  FMT(dzh/dzh) addWav(x/dzh)
endphoneme

phoneme ts\\\)
  vls alp sib afr
  ipa t͡ɕ
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/ts_pzd)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/ts_pzd)
endphoneme

phoneme dz\\\)
  vcd alp sib afr
  ipa d͡ʑ
  lengthmod 5
  Vowelin f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  Vowelout f1=2 f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    FMT(dzh/xdzh)
  ENDIF

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(dzh/dzh_) addWav(x/dzh_)
    ENDIF
    FMT(dzh/dzh) addWav(x/dz_pzd)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(dzh/dzh_) addWav(x/dzh_)
  ENDIF
  FMT(dzh/dzh) addWav(x/dz_pzd)
endphoneme

// fricative

phoneme B
  vcd blb frc
  ipa β
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin  f1=2  f2=1000 -300 -200  f3=-100 100
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-100 60  len=50

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/bh) addWav(vocw/v)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/bh) addWav(vocw/v)
endphoneme

phoneme v
  vcd lbd frc
  ipa v
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -300 -200  f3=-300 100
  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 60  len=50

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    Vowelout f1=1  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 60  len=50 brk
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/v) addWav(vocw/v, 150)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
  ENDIF
  IF thisPh(isWordStart) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
    length 70
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/v) addWav(vocw/v)
endphoneme

phoneme D
  vcd dnt frc
  ipa ð
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 60  len=50

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    Vowelin f1=0 f2=1290 -300 300 f3=0 0
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/dh_) addWav(vocw/dh)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/dh) addWav(vocw/dh)
endphoneme

phoneme z
  vcd alv sib frc
  ipa z
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 60  len=50

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    Vowelin f1=0 f2=1390 -300 300 f3=0 0
    Vowelout f1=1  f2=1390 -300 300  f3=-100 60  len=50 brk
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/z_) addWav(ufric/s_, 70)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/z) addWav(ufric/s_, 85)
endphoneme

phoneme Z
  vcd pla sib frc
  ipa ʒ
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=2000 0 300  f3=-200 80
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=2000 0 300  f3=-200 80 brk

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/zh_, 60) addWav(vocw/zh, 70)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/zh) addWav(vocw/zh, 130)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/zh_, 60) addWav(vocw/zh, 70)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/zh) addWav(vocw/zh, 130)
endphoneme

phoneme z`
  vcd rfx sib frc
  ipa ʐ
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1800 -100 300  f3=-300 80
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=1800 -100 300  f3=-300 80 brk

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/zh_) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/zh) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/zh_) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/zh) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
endphoneme

phoneme z\\
  vcd alp sib frc
  ipa ʑ
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin  f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=2300 250 300  f3=-300 80 brk

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/z_pzd_) addWav(ufric/s_pzd_, 80)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/z_pzd) addWav(ufric/s_pzd, 80)
endphoneme

phoneme j\\
  vcd pal frc
  ipa ʝ
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin f1=1  f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 70
  Vowelout f1=1 f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 70 len=100

  FMT(voc/j) addWav(ufric/ch, 25)
endphoneme

phoneme G
  vcd vel frc
  ipa ɣ
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin f1=2  f2=2300 200 400  f3=-100 80
  Vowelout f1=2  f2=2300 250 300  f3=-300 80 brk

  IF KlattSynth THEN
    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
      FMT(klatt/qqh_) addWav(vocw/Q_)
    ENDIF
    FMT(klatt/qqh) addWav(vocw/Q)
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/Q_) addWav(vocw/Q_)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/Q) addWav(vocw/Q)
endphoneme

phoneme R
  vcd uvl frc
  ipa ʁ
  lengthmod 6

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/Q_ulv) addWav(ufric/xx, 60)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/Q_ulv) addWav(ufric/xx, 80)
endphoneme

// approximant

phoneme P
  vcd lbd apr
  ipa ʋ
  lengthmod 6
  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -300 -200  f3=-300 100
  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 60  len=50
  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    FMT(voc/v#_)
  ENDIF
  FMT(voc/v#)
endphoneme

phoneme r\\
  vcd alv apr liquid rhotic
  ipa ɹ
  lengthmod 7

  IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    lengthmod 2

    IF nextPh(n) THEN
      FMT(r3/r_n) addWav(r3/rx)
    ELIF prevPh(isUStop) THEN
      FMT(r/trr)
    ELIF prevPh(isNotVowel) THEN
      FMT(r/rr)
    ENDIF

    FMT(r3/r_) addWav(r3/rx)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(r/r@, -15)
    VowelStart(r/ra, -15)
    VowelStart(r/re, -15)
    VowelStart(r/ri, -15)
    VowelStart(r/ro, -15)
    VowelStart(r/ru, -15)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
    VowelEnding(r/xr, -50)
  ELIF prevPh(isPause) THEN
    FMT(r/_r)
  ELIF prevPh(isUStop) THEN
    FMT(r/tr)
  ENDIF

  FMT(r/r)
endphoneme

phoneme l
  vcd alv lat apr liquid
  ipa l
  lengthmod 7

  IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    PrevVowelEndings
      VowelEnding(l/L1_@L, -60)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_aL, -40)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_eL, -30)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_iL, -30)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_oL, -40)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_uL, -40)
    EndSwitch

    // we need to replace these with new FMT sequeces for jl and wl
    IF prevPhW(j) THEN
      FMT(l/L1_eL)
    ELIF prevPhW(w) THEN
      FMT(l/L1_eL)
    ENDIF

    FMT(l/l_)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(l/l@)
    VowelStart(l/la)
    VowelStart(l/le)
    VowelStart(l/li, -10)
    VowelStart(l/lo)
    VowelStart(l/lu)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(#@) THEN
    VowelEnding(l/xl, -50)
  ELIF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
    VowelEnding(l/xl, -40)
  ENDIF

  IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
    FMT(l/_l)
  ENDIF

  IF prevPh(t) THEN
    FMT(l/tl)
  ENDIF

  IF prevPh(l) THEN
    FMT(l/l_long) // double l, make it longer
  ENDIF

  FMT(l/l)
endphoneme

phoneme l_e
  vcd alv fzd lat apr liquid
  ipa ɫ
  lengthmod 7

  IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
    PrevVowelEndings
      VowelEnding(l/L1_@L, -60)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_aL, -40)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_eL, -30)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_iL, -30)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_oL, -40)
      VowelEnding(l/L1_uL, -40)
    EndSwitch

    // we need to replace these with new FMT sequeces for jl and wl
    IF prevPhW(j) THEN
      FMT(l/L1_eL)
    ELIF prevPhW(w) THEN
      FMT(l/L1_eL)
    ENDIF

    FMT(l/l_)
  ENDIF

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(l/l@)
    VowelStart(l/la)
    VowelStart(l/le)
    VowelStart(l/li, -10)
    VowelStart(l/lo)
    VowelStart(l/lu)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(#@) THEN
    VowelEnding(l/xl, -50)
  ELIF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
    VowelEnding(l/xl, -40)
  ENDIF

  IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
    FMT(l/_l)
  ENDIF

  IF prevPh(t) THEN
    FMT(l/tl)
  ENDIF

  IF prevPh(l) THEN
    FMT(l/l_long) // double l, make it longer
  ENDIF

  FMT(l/l)
endphoneme

phoneme l`
  vcd rfx lat apr liquid
  ipa ɭ
  lengthmod 7
  FMT(l^/l_rfx)
endphoneme

phoneme j
  vcd pal apr liquid starttype #i
  ipa j
  lengthmod 7

  IF nextPhW(isVowel) THEN
    NextVowelStarts
      VowelStart(j/j@)
      VowelStart(j/ja)
      VowelStart(j/je)
      VowelStart(j/ji)
      VowelStart(j/jo)
      VowelStart(j/ju)
    EndSwitch

    VowelEnding(j/xj, -30)

    IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
      FMT(j/_j)
    ENDIF
  ELSE
    // no vowel follows
    Vowelout len=70
    FMT(j/j_)
  ENDIF
endphoneme

phoneme L
  vcd pal lat apr liquid
  ipa ʎ
  lengthmod 7
  Vowelout len=60 lenadd rate
  length 100

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(l^/j2@)
    VowelStart(l^/j2a)
    VowelStart(l^/j2e)
    VowelStart(l^/j2i)
    VowelStart(l^/j2o)
    VowelStart(l^/j2u)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
    FMT(l^/_l^)
  ENDIF

  FMT(l^/l^)
endphoneme

phoneme w
  vcd ptr vel apr liquid starttype #u
  ipa w
  lengthmod 7
  
  IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
    NextVowelStarts
      VowelStart(w/w@)
      VowelStart(w/wa)
      VowelStart(w/we)
      VowelStart(w/wi)
      VowelStart(w/wo)
      VowelStart(w/wu)
    EndSwitch

    VowelEnding(w/xw, -30)

    IF prevPhW(isNasal) THEN
      FMT(w/w)
    ELSE
      FMT(w/_w)
    ENDIF
  ELSE
    // no vowel follows
    Vowelout len=50
    IF prevPh(#i) THEN
      FMT(w/iw_)
    ENDIF
    FMT(w/w_)
  ENDIF
endphoneme

phoneme L\\
  vcd vel lat apr liquid
  ipa ʟ
  lengthmod 7

  VowelEnding(ll/xll, -40)

  IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
     FMT(ll/_ll)
  ENDIF

  FMT(ll/ll)
endphoneme