//====================================================
//  Vietnamese Phonemes
//====================================================


phoneme 1   //  ngang tone: level
  stress
  length 11
  tone 28 32 envelope/p_level NULL
endphoneme


phoneme 2   //  huyền tone: low falling
  stress
  length 12
  tone 20  8 envelope/p_fall NULL
endphoneme


phoneme 3   //  sắc tone rising
  stress
  length 13
  tone 25 50 envelope/p_rise NULL
endphoneme


phoneme 4   //  hỏi tone curve (dipping rising)
  stress
  length 14
  tone 30  5 envelope/p_fallrise NULL
endphoneme


phoneme 5   //  ngã tone: broken (creaking rising)
  stress
  length 15
  tone 30 55 envelope/p_214 envelope/vi_5amp
endphoneme


phoneme 6   //  nặng tone drop  (constricted)
  stress
  length 16
  tone 40 20 envelope/p_512 envelope/vi_6amp
endphoneme


phoneme 7   //  tone 1 (ngang) at end of clause
  stress
  length 17
  tone 40  20 envelope/p_fall NULL
endphoneme



// Vowels
//=======


phoneme a
  vowel starttype (@) endtype (@)
  length 130
  formants vowel/a_4
endphoneme

phoneme a:
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (a)
  length 280
  formants vowel/a_6
endphoneme


phoneme E
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (e)
  length 200
  formants vowel/ee_3
endphoneme

phoneme e
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (e)
  length 200
  formants vowel/e
endphoneme


phoneme i
  vowel  starttype (i)  endtype (i)
  length 190
  formants vowel/i_4
  after w w/wi
  linkout ;
endphoneme


phoneme O
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 200
  formants vowel/aa_4
endphoneme

phoneme o
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 200
  formants vowel/o_2
endphoneme


phoneme u
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 200
  formants vowel/u_7
endphoneme

phoneme y
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 200
  formants vowel/u#_5
endphoneme



phoneme @
  vowel  starttype (@)  endtype (a)
  length 130
  formants vowel/@_2
endphoneme


phoneme @:
  vowel  starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  length 280
  formants vowel/@_2
endphoneme



// Diphthongs
//===========

phoneme aI
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (i)
  length 250
  formants vdiph/&i_3
endphoneme


phoneme a:I
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (i)
  length 250
  formants vdiph/ai
endphoneme


phoneme @I
  vowel starttype (@) endtype (i)
  length 250
  formants vdiph/@i
endphoneme


phoneme @:I
  vowel starttype (@) endtype (i)
  length 250
  formants vdiph/@i
endphoneme


phoneme eI
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (i)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/ei
endphoneme


phoneme EI
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (i)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/eei
endphoneme


phoneme OI
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (i)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/0i
endphoneme


phoneme oI
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (i)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/oi
endphoneme


phoneme uI
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (i)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/ui
endphoneme

phoneme yI
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (i)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/u-i
endphoneme




phoneme aU
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (u)
  length 210
  formants vdiph/aau_4
endphoneme


phoneme a:U
  vowel starttype (a) endtype (u)
  length 270
  formants vdiph/au
endphoneme


phoneme eU
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (u)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/eu
endphoneme


phoneme EU
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (u)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/eeu
endphoneme

phoneme iU
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (u)
  length 200
  formants vdiph2/iu
endphoneme

phoneme @U
  vowel  starttype (@)  endtype (u)
  length 200
  formants vdiph/@u
endphoneme

phoneme @:U
  vowel  starttype (@)  endtype (u)
  length 270
  formants vdiph/@u
endphoneme



phoneme i@
  vowel  starttype (i)  endtype (@)
  length 240
  formants vdiph2/ii@_3
endphoneme

phoneme y@
  vowel  starttype (i)  endtype (@)
  length 200
  formants vdiph2/y-y#
endphoneme

phoneme u@
  vowel  starttype (u)  endtype (@)
  length 200
  formants vdiph2/uu@
endphoneme



phoneme t[        // dental variant of /t/
  vls dnt stop
  vowelin f1=1  f2=1600 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1600 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave  ustop/t_dnt2%60
  before _ ustop/t_dnt%30 
  switchvoicing d
endphoneme


phoneme kh
  vls vel frc
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2300 200 400  f3=200 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 300 400  f3=200 80  rms=20
  length 100
  lengthmod 3
  wave ufric/x%50
  switchvoicing Q
endphoneme

phoneme l
  liquid
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  beforenotvowel l/
  formants l/l_vi
endphoneme