phoneme l
  liquid
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  beforenotvowel l/2       // use 'dark' [l] after a vowel
  formants l/l
  after _ l/_l  t l/tl
endphoneme


phoneme r
  liquid starttype #r endtype #r
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  beforenotvowel r/
  trill
  formants r/rr
  after _ r/rr
  after t r/trr p r/trr k r/trr
  before _ r/r_
endphoneme


phoneme r/   // used for [r] when not preceding a vowel
  liquid
  length 100
  lengthmod 2   //
  formants r3/r_+r3/rx
  before n   r3/r_n+r3/rx
  after _ r/rr
  after t r/trr p r/trr k r/trr
endphoneme


phoneme ts
  vls alv afr sibilant
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/ts
endphoneme


phoneme dZ;
  vcd pal afr sibilant palatal
  vowelin f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  formants dzh/dzh+x/dz_pzd
  before _ dzh/dzh_+x/dzh_
  after _ NULL
  after @ dzh/xdzh
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing ts;
endphoneme


phoneme tS;
  vls pal afr sibilant palatal
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/ts_pzd
  before _ ustop/ts_pzd
  switchvoicing dz;
endphoneme



// Palatalized versions of consonants

phoneme t
  vls dnt stop
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1600 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1600 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave  ustop/t_dnt%60
  before _ ustop/t_dnt%35
  before r ustop/tr
  switchvoicing d
endphoneme

phoneme t;
  vls pal stop palatal
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  vowelout f1=1  f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 70 len=50
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/t_pzd%60
  before _ ustop/t_pzd%30
  switchvoicing d;
endphoneme


phoneme d
  vcd dnt stop
  vowelin f1=2  f2=1500 -300 300  f3=-150 80
  vowelout f1=2 f2=1500 -300 300  f3=-150 80
  formants d/d+x/d_dnt%110
  before _ d/d_+x/d_
  before r d/dr+x/d_dnt%110
  after _ NULL
  after @ d/xd
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing t
endphoneme

phoneme d;
  vcd alv stop palatal
  vowelin f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 80 rate len=80
  vowelout f1=2 f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 80 rate len=100
  formants d/d+x/d_pzd%80
  before _ d/d_+x/d_pzd%40
  before r d/dr+x/d_pzd%80
  after _ NULL
  after @ d/xd_pzd
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing t;
endphoneme


phoneme I^          // "silent i", palatilizes the preceding consonant
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 70
  unstressed nonsyllabic
  formants vwl_ru/ii-
  beforevowel ;
  after  m;  vwl_ro/mi
endphoneme

phoneme m;
  vcd blb nasal
  vowelout f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=200 80 brk colr=1
  starttype m endtype m
  length 100
  lengthmod 4
  formants NULL
  after _ m/_m
  before _ m/m_
  before (r) m/mj
endphoneme



//*******************************************************************
// VOWELS
//*******************************************************************

phoneme i
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/i
endphoneme

phoneme I#
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/ii#
endphoneme

phoneme y
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/i#
endphoneme

phoneme I
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/ii
endphoneme

phoneme I2
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/ii
endphoneme

phoneme I3
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/ii
endphoneme

phoneme E
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 200
  formants vwl_ru/e
endphoneme

phoneme E#
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/E#
endphoneme

phoneme E2
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/E@
endphoneme

phoneme E3
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/E@
endphoneme

phoneme A
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/a
endphoneme

phoneme o
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/o
endphoneme

phoneme O
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/oo
endphoneme

phoneme u
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/u
endphoneme

phoneme u#
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/u#
endphoneme

phoneme u"
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 150
  formants vwl_ru/u#u
endphoneme

phoneme 8
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 150
  formants vwl_ru/8
  reduceto V  4
endphoneme

phoneme e
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (e)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/ee
endphoneme

phoneme ju
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 190
  formants vwl_ru/ju
endphoneme

phoneme ja
  vowel  starttype (i) endtype (a)
  length 200
  formants vwl_ru/ja
endphoneme

phoneme V
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (@)
  length 80
  formants vowel/V_2
  unstressed
endphoneme

phoneme V#
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (@)
  length 80
  formants vowel/V_2
  unstressed
endphoneme

//phoneme U
//  vowel  starttype (u)  endtype (u)
//  length 140
//  formants vowel/uu
//  unstressed
//endphoneme

phoneme Y // will not be used in future
 vowel  starttype (u)  endtype (u)
  length 140
  formants vowel/ii#
  unstressed
endphoneme

phoneme a
  vowel   starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  formants vwl_ru/aa
  length 100
endphoneme

phoneme a#
  vowel   starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  formants vowel/a#_3
  length 100
endphoneme