phoneme @    //  Schwa
  length 150
  vowel   starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  formants vowel/@_2
//  formants vowel/8_6
endphoneme

phoneme @/    //  Schwa at end of word (silent)
  length 100
  vowel   starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  formants vowel/@_2
endphoneme

phoneme V
  vowel   starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  length 170
  formants vowel/@_2
  before h  vowel/8_6
  reduceto @  3
endphoneme

phoneme I#        // use for [V] after [n^]
  vowel   starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  length 170
  formants vowel/ii
  reduceto @  3
endphoneme


phoneme a
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  length 170
  formants vowel/a_3
  reduceto a/  0
endphoneme

phoneme a/
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  length 170
  formants vowel/a#_3
endphoneme

phoneme A
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  length 170
  formants vowel/aa_3
  reduceto a/  0        // but nor "ar_" ??
endphoneme


phoneme E
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 170
  formants vowel/ee_4
endphoneme

phoneme E#
  vowel  starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  length 170
  formants vowel/ee#_2
endphoneme

phoneme e
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 170
  formants vowel/e
  reduceto e#  3
endphoneme

phoneme e#
  vowel  starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  length 170
  formants vowel/e_mid2
endphoneme


phoneme i
  vowel  starttype (i)  endtype (i)
  length 140
  formants vowel/i_7
  before l/2 vowel/ii#-50+l/L2_iL
  before l/3 vowel/ii_en-30+l/l_i
endphoneme

phoneme I
  vowel  starttype (i)  endtype (i)
  length 140
  formants vowel/ii_6
endphoneme

phoneme y
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 160
  formants vowel/y
endphoneme



phoneme O
  vowel  starttype (o)  endtype (o)
  length 170
  formants vowel/oo_5
//  formants vowel/oo_4
  reduceto O/ 3
endphoneme

phoneme O/
  vowel  starttype (o)  endtype (o)
  length 170
  formants vowel/oo_1
endphoneme

phoneme u
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 160
  formants vowel/u_bck
endphoneme



phoneme aI
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (i)
  length 220
  formants vdiph/aai
endphoneme

phoneme eI
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (i)
  length 220
  formants vdiph2/ei_4
endphoneme

phoneme OI
  vowel  starttype (o)  endtype (i)
  length 220
  formants vdiph/ooi_4
endphoneme

phoneme yE
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (e)
  length 240
  formants vdiph2/ye
endphoneme


phoneme l/4    // used for [l] when not before a vowel
  liquid
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  formants l/l_front_
//  before (r) l/_l
  beforevowel l
endphoneme



phoneme L
  liquid   endtype l^ starttype l^
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  beforenotvowel l/4
  formants l/l_front  // this is not being used??
//  after _  l/_l
//  after t  l/tl
//  after l/ l/l_long    // double l, make it longer
endphoneme


phoneme ll
  liquid starttype 1 endtype l
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  beforenotvowel l/2       // use 'dark' [l] after a vowel
  formants l/l_4
//  after _ l/_l
endphoneme


phoneme w
  starttype w  endtype w
  liquid
  length 100
  beforenotvowel w/
  lengthmod 7
  formants w/w2
  after _  w/w2
endphoneme



phoneme p
  vls blb stop
  vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -50 -100  f3=-200 80
  vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-300 80 rms=30
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/p_unasp%120
  before _ ustop/p_unasp_%80
  before l ustop/pl
  switchvoicing b
endphoneme


phoneme d
  vcd alv stop
  vowelin f1=2  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-200 80 amp=16
  vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  formants d/d+x/d%50
  before _ d/d_+x/d_
  before r d/dr+x/d%50
  after _ NULL
  after @ d/xd
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing t
endphoneme


phoneme t
  vls dnt stop
  vowelin f1=1  f2=1500 -250 250  f3=-100 80  amp=16
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1500 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave  ustop/t_hi%70
  before _ ustop/t_dnt%35 
  switchvoicing d
endphoneme




phoneme ts
  vls alv afr sibilant
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/ts
  before _ ustop/ts_
endphoneme


phoneme dz
  vcd alv afr sibilant
  vowelin f1=1  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80 len=50
  vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  formants d/xdz+ustop/ts%140
  before _ voc/z_+ustop/ts_%70
  after _ NULL
  after @ d/xd
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing ts
endphoneme



phoneme z
  vcd alv frc sibilant
  vowelout f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=0 60  len=50 
  formants voc/z+ufric/s
  before _ voc/z_+ufric/s_
  lengthmod 6
  switchvoicing s
endphoneme


phoneme dZ;
  vcd pla afr sibilant palatal
  vowelin f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  formants dzh/dzh+ustop/ts_pzd%150
  before _ dzh/dzh_+ustop/ts_pzd
  after _ NULL
  after @ dzh/xdzh
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing tS;
endphoneme

phoneme c   // This is [tS;]
  vls pal afr sibilant palatal
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/ts_pzd
  before _ ustop/ts_pzd
  switchvoicing dZ;
endphoneme


phoneme k
  vls vel stop
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2300 200 400  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 300 400  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/k_unasp
  before _ ustop/k_
  switchvoicing g
endphoneme