Add Pashto language support using Pashto phonemes (#2152)

This commit adds support for the Pashto language (ps) to espeak-ng. The
implementation is based includes ps_rules, ps_list, ps_emoji, ps_extra
files and updated Makefile.am to include Pashto in the dictionary
targets and build rules.

ChangeLog.md

@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@
 
 The espeak-ng project is a fork of the espeak project.
 
+### 1.53.0
+
+new languages:
+*  ps (Pashto) -- Hanif Rahman 
+
 ### 1.52.0
 
 attention! this is the last release witch support the autoconf build system. use cmake to compile espeak-ng.

Makefile.am

@@ -527,6 +527,7 @@ dictionaries: \
 	espeak-ng-data/pap_dict \
 	espeak-ng-data/piqd_dict \
 	espeak-ng-data/pl_dict \
+	espeak-ng-data/ps_dict \
 	espeak-ng-data/pt_dict \
 	espeak-ng-data/py_dict \
 	espeak-ng-data/qdb_dict \
@@ -824,6 +825,9 @@ espeak-ng-data/piqd_dict: dictsource/piqd_list dictsource/piqd_rules
 pl: espeak-ng-data/pl_dict
 espeak-ng-data/pl_dict: dictsource/pl_list dictsource/pl_rules dictsource/pl_extra dictsource/pl_emoji
 
+ps: espeak-ng-data/ps_dict
+espeak-ng-data/ps_dict: dictsource/ps_list dictsource/ps_rules dictsource/ps_extra dictsource/ps_emoji
+
 pt: espeak-ng-data/pt_dict
 espeak-ng-data/pt_dict: dictsource/pt_list dictsource/pt_rules dictsource/pt_extra dictsource/pt_emoji
 

dictsource/ps_list

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+// This ps_list file is created for Pashto language support in espeak-ng by Hanif Rahman
+// This file is UTF8 encoded 
+// Updated: March 2025 - Fixed to use only defined phonemes with correct stress
+
+// Explicitly set phoneme table to ps
+phonemetable ps
+
+
+// The Letter names
+ا	alif
+ب	be:
+پ	pe:
+ت	te:
+ټ	t.e:
+ث	se:
+ج	dZi:m
+ځ	dzim
+چ	tSe:
+څ	tse:
+ح	he:
+خ	xe:
+د	da:l
+ډ	d.a:l
+ذ	za:l
+ر	re:
+ړ	r.e:
+ز	ze:
+ژ	Ze:
+ږ	Qe:
+س	si:n
+ش	Si:n
+ښ	S.i:n
+ص	swa:d
+ض	zwa:d
+ط	toe:
+ظ	zoe:
+ع	ain
+غ	Qain
+ف	fe:
+ق	qa:f
+ک	ka:f
+ګ	ga:f
+ل	la:m
+م	mi:m
+ن	nu:n
+ڼ	n.u:n
+_و	wa:w
+ه	he:
+ں	nu:n||Qun:@
+ﮨ	tSo:ti:||he:
+ھ	do||tSaSmi:||he:
+ء	hamz@
+ی	je:
+ې	je:||dra:z@
+ۍ	je:||l@ra:
+ئ	hamz@je:
+ۀ	he:||hamz@
+ؤ	wa:w||hamz@
+ﺅ	wa:w||hamz@
+ة	ta:||marbut@
+
+// character names
+َ	zabar
+ِ	ze:r
+ُ	pe:S
+ٰ	alif||maqs'u:r@
+ّ	taSd'i:d
+ً	tanvi:n||zabar
+ْ	suku:n
+ٗ	zami||p@S
+ٓ	mad@
+_؛	waqf@
+_:	ra:bt@
+_،	d.rand.@j
+_۔	t.@kaj
+_؟	puSt@naj
+
+
+// The numbers
+_0	s'@f@r
+_1	j'aw
+_2	dw@
+_3	dre:
+_4	c'@lor
+_5	p'@ndz@
+_6	Sp'aQ
+_7	'o:w@
+_8	'at@
+_9	n'ah
+_10	l'as
+_11	jw'o:las
+_12	dw'o:las
+_13	di'arlas
+_14	c'awarlas
+_15	p'@ndz@las
+_16	Sp'aQlas
+_17	o:w'@las
+_18	at'@las
+_19	n'o:las
+_20	S'@l
+_21	j'aw||wiSt
+_22	dw'a||wiSt
+_23	dr'e:||wiSt
+_24	c'@lor||wiSt
+_25	p'@ndz@||wiSt
+_26	Sp'aQ||wiSt
+_27	'o:w@||wiSt
+_28	'at@||wiSt
+_29	n'ah||wiSt
+_30	d'e:rS
+_31	j'aw||de:rS
+_40	c'@l||we:St
+_50	p'@ndz'os
+_60	Sp'e:t@
+_70	aw'ja:
+_80	at'ja:
+_90	n'awi
+_100	s'@l
+_1000	z'@r
+_10000	l'as||z'@r@
+_100000	s'@l||z'@r@
+_1000000	milj'o:n
+_10000000	l'as||milj'o:n@
+_100000000	s'@l||milj'o:n@
+_1000000000	milijard
+_0st	s'@f@r@m
+_1st	l'@Raj
+_2st	dw'ajam
+_3st	dr'ejam
+_4st	c'@l'or@m
+_5st	p'@ndz@m
+_6st	Sp'aQ@m
+_7st	'o:w@m
+_8st	'at@m
+_9st	n'ah@m
+_10st	l'as@m
+
+// common words with exceptional pronunciation
+د	d@	$u
+او	aw	$u
+په	p@	$u
+کې	ke:	$u
+چې	ce:	$u
+نه	n@	$u
+هم	h@m	$u
+شي	Si	$u
+ته	t@	$u
+خو	xo	$u
+له	l@	$u
+به	b@	$u
+دا	da:	$u
+ډېر	d.e:r	$u
+وي	wi	$u
+څه	ts@	$u
+یو	j@w	$u
+کړي	[email protected]	$u
+ښه	S.@	$u
+یې	je:	$u
+کوي	k@wi	$u
+خپل	x@p@l	$u
+تر	t@r	$u
+دي	di	$u
+ځان	dza:n	$u
+شو	So	$u
+لري	l@ri	$u
+شوي	S@wi	$u
+لپاره	l@pa:r@	$u
+مې	me:	$u
+کار	ka:r	$u
+بل	b@l	$u
+وکړ	w@k@r.	$u
+ډول	d.ol	$u
+لاره	la:r@	$u
+کولو	kolu	$u
+خلک	x@l@k	$u
+ورته	w@rt@	$u
+شوه	Sw@	$u
+لکه	l@k@	$u
+پورې	pore:	$u
+دوه	dw@	$u
+مو	mu	$u
+ټول	t.ol	$u
+وه	w@	$u
+کړ	k@r.	$u
+ژوند	Z@w@nd	$u
+لوی	loj	$u
+تاسو	ta:so	$u
+هغه	h@Q@	$u
+کولی	k@wl@j	$u
+وخت	w@xt	$u
+کلی	k@l@j	$u
+دغه	d@Q@	$u
+موږ	muQ	$u
+یوه	j@w@	$u
+شي	Si	$u
+
+// Additional common Pashto words with corrected phonetic transcriptions
+سلام	s@'la:m
+زه	z@
+پښتو	p@'S.to
+يم	j@m
+ژبه	Z@'b@
+ستړی	st@'r.@j
+مشه	m@'S@
+څنګه	ts@'ng@
+يې	je:
+ته	t@
+څوک	tsok
+هغه	h@'Q@
+دلته	d@l't@
+هلته	h@l't@
+کور	ko:r
+ښار	S.a:r
+هېواد	he:'wa:d
+افغانستان	afQa:n@s'ta:n
+پاکستان	pa:k@s'ta:n
+ښوونځی	S.o:w@n'dz@j
+پوهنتون	po:h@n'tu:n
+کتاب	k@'ta:b
+قلم	q@'l@m
+میز	me:z
+چوکۍ	co:'k@j
+موټر	mo:'t.@r
+لار	la:r
+سړک	s@'r.@k
+اوبه	o:'b@
+ډوډۍ	d.o:'d.@j
+چای	ca:j
+شپه	Sp@
+ورځ	wr@dz
+کال	ka:l
+وخت	w@xt
+ساعت	sa:'@t
+دقیقه	d@qi:'q@
+ثانیه	sa:'nj@
+ښځه	S.@'dz@
+نارینه	na:ri:'n@
+ماشوم	ma:'Sum
+زوی	zoj
+لور	lo:r
+ورور	wro:r
+خور	xo:r
+پلار	pla:r
+مور	mo:r
+کورنۍ	ko:r'n@j
+ملګری	m@l'g@re
+دوست	do:st
+دښمن	d@S.'m@n
+ښوونکی	S.o:w@n'k@j
+زده	zd@
+زده_کوونکی	zd@_ko:w@n'k@j
+ډاکټر	d.a:k't.@r
+انجینر	andzi'ne:r
+بزګر	b@z'g@r
+سوداګر	s@wda:'g@r
+پولیس	po:'lis
+عسکر	@s'k@r
+وزیر	w@'zi:r
+ولسمشر	w@l@s'm@S@r
+خدای	xu'da:j
+جومات	dZu'ma:t
+لمونځ	l@'mondz
+روژه	ro:'Z@
+حج	h@dZ
+زکات	z@'ka:t
+اسلام	is'la:m
+مسلمان	m@s@l'ma:n
+قرآن	qu'ra:n
+حدیث	h@'dis
+سنت	s@'n@t
+فرض	f@rz
+واجب	wa:'dZ@b
+حرام	h@'ra:m
+حلال	h@'la:l
+مکروه	m@k'ru:h
+مباح	m@'ba:h
+جنت	dZ@'n@t
+دوزخ	do:'z@x
+ملائکه	m@la:'ik@
+پیغمبر	p@jQ@m'b@r
+صحابه	s@'ha:b@
+تابعین	ta:bi'i:n
+علماء	ul@'ma:
+مشران	m@S'ra:n
+کشران	k@S'ra:n
+ځوانان	dzwa:'na:n
+زاړه	za:'r.@
+ناروغ	na:'roQ
+روغ	roQ
+ښکلی	S.@k'l@j
+بد	b@d
+ښه	S.@
+خراب	x@'ra:b
+لوی	loj
+کوچنی	kotS'n@j
+اوږد	o:Qd
+لنډ	l@nd.
+پلن	pl@n
+نری	n@'r@j
+دروند	d@'rwnd
+سپک	sp@k
+تود	to:d
+یخ	j@x
+وچ	w@tS
+لوند	lw@nd
+نوی	n@'w@j
+زوړ	zo:r.
+پاک	pa:k
+ناپاک	na:'pa:k
+سپین	spi:n
+تور	to:r
+سور	so:r
+شین	Si:n
+ژیړ	Ze:r.
+آبي	a:'bi
+نارنجي	na:r@n'dZi
+بنفش	b@'n@fS
+خړ	x@r.
+نسواري	n@swa:'ri
+طلایي	t@la:'ji
+نقره‌یي	n@qr@'ji 

espeak-ng-data/lang/ira/ps

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+name Pashto
+language ps
+maintainer Hanif Rahman <[email protected]>
+status immature

espeak-ng-data/voices/asia/ps

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+name Pashto 
+language ps
+phonemes ps
+dictionary ps
+dictrules 1
+stressRule 2 // Stress on second syllable
+stressLength 160 180 200 200 0 0 240 240
+stressAmp 16 18 20 20 0 0 22 22
+intonation 2
+// This voice uses the Pashto phoneme set with improved stress and intonation patterns
+// Created: March 2024 by Hanif Rahman

espeak-ng-data/voices/ps

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+name Pashto (Afghanistan)
+language ps
+phonemes ps
+dictionary ps
+stressRule 6 

phsource/ph_pashto

@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+// ph_pashto - Phoneme table for Pashto language
+// Created: March 2025 by Hanif Rahman
+// Updated: March 2025 - Fixed vowel formants, improved retroflex consonants, corrected stress patterns
+// This file defines phonemes specific to Pashto language
+
+
+//====================================================
+// VOWELS
+//====================================================
+
+phoneme a    // َ (zabar/fatha) - short 'a' as in "man"
+  vwl starttype #a endtype #a
+  length 180
+  ipa a
+  FMT(vowel/a)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme a:   // ا - long 'aa' as in "father"
+  vwl starttype #a endtype #a
+  length 280
+  ipa aː
+  FMT(vowel/a)  // Keeping formant consistent with short 'a'
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme e    // ِ (zer/kasra) - short 'e' as in "bed" "ketab"
+  vwl starttype #e endtype #e
+  length 170
+  ipa e
+  FMT(vowel/e)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme e:   // ې - long 'ee' as in "bait" "peshawar"
+  vwl starttype #e endtype #e
+  length 250
+  ipa eː
+  FMT(vowel/e_mid)  // Using e_mid for better long vowel quality
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme i    // ِ (zer/kasra) - short 'i' as in "sit" same as e?
+  vwl starttype #i endtype #i
+  length 170
+  ipa i
+  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
+  FMT(vowel/i)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme i:   // ي - long 'ee' as in "see"
+  vwl starttype #i endtype #i
+  length 250
+  ipa iː
+  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
+  FMT(vowel/i)  // Using standard i vowel
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme o    // ُ (pesh/damma) - short 'o' as in "pot"
+  vwl starttype #o endtype #o
+  length 170
+  ipa o
+  FMT(vowel/o)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme o:   // و - long 'o' as in "go"
+  vwl starttype #o endtype #o
+  length 250
+  ipa oː
+  FMT(vowel/o)  // Using standard o vowel
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme u    // ُ (pesh/damma) - short 'u' as in "put"
+  vwl starttype #u endtype #u
+  length 170
+  ipa u
+  FMT(vowel/u)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme u:   // و - long 'oo' as in "moon"
+  vwl starttype #u endtype #u
+  length 250
+  ipa uː
+  FMT(vowel/u)  // Using standard u vowel
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme @    // ə - schwa sound as in "about"
+  vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
+  length 130
+  ipa ə
+  unstressed
+  FMT(vowel/@)
+endphoneme
+
+// Add unstressed variants of vowels for better prosody
+phoneme a#   // َ (zabar/fatha) - unstressed short 'a'
+  vwl starttype #a endtype #a
+  length 140  // shorter than stressed version
+  ipa a
+  unstressed
+  FMT(vowel/a_8)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme i#   // ِ (zer/kasra) - unstressed short 'i'
+  vwl starttype #i endtype #i
+  length 130  // shorter than stressed version
+  ipa i
+  unstressed
+  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
+  FMT(vowel/i_6)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme u#   // ُ (pesh/damma) - unstressed short 'u'
+  vwl starttype #u endtype #u
+  length 130  // shorter than stressed version
+  ipa u
+  unstressed
+  FMT(vowel/u_6)
+endphoneme
+
+//====================================================
+// CONSONANTS SPECIFIC TO PASHTO
+//====================================================
+
+phoneme ts
+  // څ in Pashto - voiceless alveolar affricate
+  vls alv afr
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa ts
+  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
+  WAV(ustop/ts)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme dz
+  // ځ in Pashto - voiced alveolar affricate
+  vcd alv afr
+  lengthmod 5
+  ipa dz
+  voicingswitch ts
+  Vowelin f1=1  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=1 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80  brk
+  WAV(ustop/ts) addWav(x/d, 70)  // Using standard WAV files
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme t.
+  // ټ in Pashto - retroflex/plosive t
+  vls rfx stp
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa ʈ
+  voicingswitch d.
+  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1800 -300 300  f3=-200 80 colr=2
+  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1800 -300 250  f3=-200 80 colr=2 rms=20
+  WAV(ustop/t_)  // Using standard t_ WAV
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme d.
+  // ډ in Pashto - retroflex/plosive d
+  vcd rfx stp
+  lengthmod 5
+  ipa ɖ
+  voicingswitch t.
+  Vowelin f1=2  f2=1800 -300 300  f3=-200 80 colr=2
+  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1800 -300 300  f3=-200 80 colr=2 brk
+  WAV(ustop/t_) addWav(x/d, 60)  // Using standard WAV files
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme r.
+  // ړ in Pashto - retroflex flap
+  vcd rfx flp
+  lengthmod 6
+  ipa ɽ
+  Vowelin f1=3  f2=1200 -400 -100  f3=-400 80 colr=2
+  Vowelout f1=3 f2=1200 -400 -100  f3=-400 80 colr=2
+  FMT(r3/r_) addWav(r3/rx, 80)  // Using standard FMT
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme n.
+  // ڼ in Pashto - retroflex nasal
+  vcd rfx nas
+  lengthmod 4
+  ipa ɳ
+  Vowelin f1=2  f2=1200 -500 -300  f3=-400 80 colr=2
+  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1200 -500 -300  f3=-400 80 colr=2
+  FMT(n/n_)  // Using standard FMT
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme S.
+  // ښ in Pashto - retroflex fricative
+  vls rfx frc sib
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa ʂ
+  voicingswitch Z.
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1800 -100 300  f3=-400 80 colr=2
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1800 -100 300  f3=-400 80 colr=2
+  WAV(ufric/sh)  // Using standard sh WAV
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme Z.
+  // ژ in Pashto - voiced retroflex fricative
+  vcd rfx frc sib
+  lengthmod 6
+  ipa ʐ
+  voicingswitch S.
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1800 0 300  f3=-400 80 colr=2
+  Vowelout f1=2  f2=1800 0 300  f3=-400 80 colr=2 brk
+  FMT(voc/zh) addWav(vocw/zh, 110)  // Using standard zh WAV
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme Z
+  // ژ in Pashto - voiced post-alveolar fricative (like French j)
+  vcd pla frc sib
+  lengthmod 6
+  ipa ʒ
+  voicingswitch S
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=2000 0 300  f3=-200 80
+  Vowelout f1=2  f2=2000 0 300  f3=-200 80 brk
+  FMT(voc/zh) addWav(vocw/zh, 130)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme Q
+  // غ in Pashto - voiced uvular fricative
+  vcd uvl frc
+  lengthmod 6
+  ipa ʁ
+  voicingswitch X
+  Vowelin f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80
+  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80 brk
+  FMT(voc/Q) addWav(vocw/Q, 60)  // Increased WAV amplitude for better voicing
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme X
+  // خ in Pashto - voiceless uvular fricative
+  vls uvl frc
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa χ
+  voicingswitch Q
+  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80
+  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80
+  WAV(ufric/xx, 90)  // Adjusted amplitude for better contrast with Q
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme g
+  // ګ in Pashto - voiced velar stop
+  vcd vel stp
+  lengthmod 5
+  ipa ɡ
+  voicingswitch k
+  Vowelin f1=2  f2=2300 200 300  f3=-300 80
+  Vowelout f1=2  f2=2300 250 300  f3=-300 80 brk
+  IF PreVoicing THEN
+    FMT(g/xg)
+  ENDIF
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    FMT(g/g_) addWav(x/g_)
+  ENDIF
+  FMT(g/g) addWav(x/g2, 150)
+endphoneme
+
+//====================================================
+// CONSONANTS SHARED WITH OTHER LANGUAGES
+//====================================================
+
+phoneme p
+  vls blb stp
+  voicingswitch b
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa p
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -50  -100  f3=-200 80 amp=11
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-300 80 rms=22
+  WAV(ustop/p)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme b
+  vcd blb stp
+  voicingswitch p
+  lengthmod 5
+  ipa b
+  Vowelin  f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 80
+  Vowelout f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 80 brk
+  IF PreVoicing THEN
+    FMT(b/xb)
+  ENDIF
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    FMT(b/b_) addWav(x/b_)
+  ENDIF
+  FMT(b/b) addWav(x/b)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme t
+  vls alv stp
+  voicingswitch d
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa t
+  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
+  WAV(ustop/t)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme d
+  vcd alv stp
+  voicingswitch t
+  lengthmod 5
+  ipa d
+  Vowelin f1=1  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=1 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80 brk
+  IF PreVoicing THEN
+    FMT(d/xd)
+  ENDIF
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    FMT(d/d_) addWav(x/d_)
+  ENDIF
+  FMT(d/d) addWav(x/d)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme k
+  vls vel stp
+  voicingswitch g
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa k
+  Vowelin f1=0  f2=2300 200 300  f3=-200 80
+  Vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 300 400  f3=-200 80  rms=20
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    WAV(ustop/k_)
+  ENDIF
+  WAV(ustop/k)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme tS
+  // چ in Pashto - voiceless post-alveolar affricate
+  vls pla afr sib
+  voicingswitch dZ
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa t͡ʃ
+  Vowelin f1=0  f2=2300 200 400  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 300 400  f3=-100 80
+  WAV(ustop/tsh)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme dZ
+  // ج in Pashto - voiced post-alveolar affricate
+  vcd pla afr sib
+  voicingswitch tS
+  lengthmod 5
+  ipa d͡ʒ
+  Vowelin f1=2  f2=2300 200 400  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=2 f2=2300 250 300  f3=-100 80 brk
+  IF PreVoicing THEN
+    FMT(dzh/xdzh)
+  ENDIF
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    FMT(dzh/dzh_) addWav(x/dzh_)
+  ENDIF
+  FMT(dzh/dzh) addWav(x/dzh)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme f
+  vls lbd frc
+  voicingswitch v
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa f
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80
+  WAV(ufric/f)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme v
+  vcd lbd frc
+  voicingswitch f
+  lengthmod 6
+  ipa v
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -300 -200  f3=-300 100
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -300  f3=-300 60  len=50
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    FMT(voc/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
+  ENDIF
+  FMT(voc/v) addWav(vocw/v)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme s
+  vls alv frc sib
+  voicingswitch z
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa s
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
+  WAV(ufric/s)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme z
+  vcd alv frc sib
+  voicingswitch s
+  lengthmod 6
+  ipa z
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80 brk
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    FMT(voc/z_) addWav(ufric/s_, 70)
+  ENDIF
+  FMT(voc/z) addWav(ufric/s_, 85)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme S
+  vls pla frc sib
+  voicingswitch Z
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa ʃ
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=2100 100 300  f3=-100 80
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=2100 100 300  f3=-100 80
+  WAV(ufric/sh)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme x
+  vls vel frc
+  voicingswitch Q
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa x
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=2300 200 400  f3=-200 80
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=2300 300 400  f3=-200 80
+  WAV(ufric/x_hr, 30)  // Increased amplitude for better clarity
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme h
+  vls glt frc
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa h
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=2300 200 400  f3=-200 80  // Added Vowelin parameters
+  Vowelout f1=0  f2=2300 300 400  f3=-200 80
+  IF nextPh(#@) THEN
+    WAV(h/h@)
+  ELIF nextPh(#a) THEN
+    WAV(h/ha)
+  ELIF nextPh(#e) THEN
+    WAV(h/he)
+  ELIF nextPh(#i) THEN
+    WAV(h/hi)
+  ELIF nextPh(#o) THEN
+    WAV(h/ho)
+  ELIF nextPh(#u) THEN
+    WAV(h/hu)
+  ENDIF
+  WAV(h/h_, 70)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme m
+  vcd blb nas
+  lengthmod 4
+  ipa m
+  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -50 -200  f3=-200 80  // Moved Vowelin before Vowelout for consistency
+  Vowelout f1=2  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-200 80 brk
+  
+  IF KlattSynth THEN
+    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+      FMT(klatt/m_)
+    ENDIF
+    FMT(klatt/m)
+  ENDIF
+
+  NextVowelStarts
+    VowelStart(m/m@)
+    VowelStart(m/ma)
+    VowelStart(m/me)
+    VowelStart(m/mi)
+    VowelStart(m/mo)
+    VowelStart(m/mu)
+  EndSwitch
+
+  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
+    FMT(m/mj)
+  ELIF prevPh(isPause) THEN
+    FMT(m/_m)
+  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
+    FMT(m/m_)
+  ENDIF
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme n
+  vcd alv nas
+  lengthmod 4
+  ipa n
+  Vowelin f1=0 f2=1500 -200 200 f3=0 80  // Moved Vowelin before Vowelout for consistency
+  Vowelout f1=2 f2=1500 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20 brk
+
+  IF KlattSynth THEN
+    FMT(klatt/n)
+  ENDIF
+
+  NextVowelStarts
+    VowelStart(n/n@)
+    VowelStart(n/na)
+    VowelStart(n/ne)
+    VowelStart(n/ni)
+    VowelStart(n/no)
+    VowelStart(n/nu)
+  EndSwitch
+
+  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
+    FMT(n/nj)
+  ELIF prevPh(isPause) OR prevPh(n) THEN
+    FMT(n/_n)
+  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
+    FMT(n/n_)
+  ENDIF
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme N
+  vcd vel nas
+  lengthmod 8
+  ipa ŋ
+  Vowelin f1=0 f2=2100 50 300 f3=0 80  // Moved Vowelin before Vowelout for consistency
+  Vowelout f1=3 f2=2300 300 400  f3=-200 80  len=40 rms=20 brk
+
+  IF KlattSynth THEN
+    IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+      FMT(klatt/nn_)
+    ENDIF
+    FMT(klatt/nn)
+  ENDIF
+
+  NextVowelStarts
+    VowelStart(nn/nn@)
+    VowelStart(nn/nna)
+    VowelStart(nn/nne)
+    VowelStart(nn/nni)
+    VowelStart(nn/nno)
+    VowelStart(nn/nnu)
+  EndSwitch
+
+  IF prevPh(#i) THEN
+    VowelEnding(nn/inn, -40)
+  ENDIF
+
+  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
+    FMT(nn/nnj)
+  ELIF prevPh(isPause) THEN
+    FMT(nn/_nn)
+  ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
+    FMT(nn/nn_)
+  ENDIF
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme l
+  liquid
+  lengthmod 7
+  ipa l
+
+  IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
+    ChangePhoneme(l/)
+  ENDIF
+
+  CALL vowelstart_l
+
+  IF prevPh(#@) THEN
+    VowelEnding(l/xl, -50)
+  ELIF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
+    VowelEnding(l/xl, -40)
+  ENDIF
+
+  IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
+    FMT(l/_l)
+  ENDIF
+
+  IF prevPh(t) THEN
+    FMT(l/tl)
+  ENDIF
+
+  IF prevPh(l/) THEN
+    FMT(l/l_long)    // double l, make it longer
+  ENDIF
+
+  FMT(l/l)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme l/
+  liquid
+  lengthmod 7
+  ipa l̥ 
+
+  IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
+    ChangePhoneme(l)
+  ENDIF
+
+  PrevVowelEndings
+    VowelEnding(l/L1_@L, -60)
+    VowelEnding(l/L1_aL, -40)
+    VowelEnding(l/L1_eL, -30)
+    VowelEnding(l/L1_iL, -30)
+    VowelEnding(l/L1_oL, -40)
+    VowelEnding(l/L1_uL, -40)
+  EndSwitch
+
+  IF prevPhW(j) THEN
+    FMT(l/L1_eL)
+  ENDIF
+  IF prevPhW(w) THEN
+    FMT(l/L1_eL)
+  ENDIF
+
+  FMT(l/l_)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme r
+  liquid rhotic
+  lengthmod 7
+  ipa r
+
+  IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
+    ChangePhoneme(r/)
+  ENDIF
+
+  NextVowelStarts
+    VowelStart(r/r@, -15)
+    VowelStart(r/ra, -15)
+    VowelStart(r/re, -15)
+    VowelStart(r/ri, -15)
+    VowelStart(r/ro, -15)
+    VowelStart(r/ru, -15)
+  EndSwitch
+
+  IF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
+    VowelEnding(r/xr, -50)
+  ENDIF
+
+  IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
+    FMT(r/_r)
+  ELIF prevPh(t) OR prevPh(p) OR prevPh(k) THEN
+    FMT(r/tr)
+  ENDIF
+
+  FMT(r/r)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme r/
+  liquid rhotic
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa r̥
+
+  IF prevPh(t) OR prevPh(p) OR prevPh(k) THEN
+    FMT(r/trr)
+  ENDIF
+
+  IF prevPh(isNotVowel) THEN
+    FMT(r/rr)
+  ENDIF
+
+  FMT(r3/r_) addWav(r3/rx)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme j
+  liquid pal starttype #i
+  lengthmod 7
+  ipa j
+
+  IF nextPhW(isVowel) THEN
+    NextVowelStarts
+      VowelStart(j/j@)
+      VowelStart(j/ja)
+      VowelStart(j/je)
+      VowelStart(j/ji)
+      VowelStart(j/jo)
+      VowelStart(j/ju)
+    EndSwitch
+
+    VowelEnding(j/xj, -30)
+
+    IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
+      FMT(j/_j)
+    ENDIF
+  ELSE
+    // no vowel follows
+    Vowelout len=70
+    FMT(j/j_)
+  ENDIF
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme w
+  liquid
+  lengthmod 7
+  starttype #u
+  ipa w
+  
+  IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
+    NextVowelStarts
+      VowelStart(w/w@)
+      VowelStart(w/wa)
+      VowelStart(w/we)
+      VowelStart(w/wi)
+      VowelStart(w/wo)
+      VowelStart(w/wu)
+    EndSwitch
+
+    VowelEnding(w/xw, -30)
+
+    IF prevPhW(isNasal) THEN
+      FMT(w/w)
+    ELSEIF prevPhW(h) THEN
+      // none,  [hw]
+    ELSE
+      FMT(w/_w)
+    ENDIF
+  ELSE
+    // no vowel follows
+    Vowelout len=50
+    IF prevPh(#i) THEN
+      FMT(w/iw_)
+    ENDIF
+    FMT(w/w_)
+  ENDIF
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme q
+  vls uvl stp
+  lengthmod 2
+  ipa q
+  Vowelin f1=1  f2=1700 0 200  f3=-300 80 gpaus f4 rms=30
+  Vowelout f1=1 f2=1700 -100 200  f3=-300 80  f4 rms=35
+
+  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
+    WAV(ustop/q, 40)
+  ELIF nextPh(#u) THEN
+    WAV(ustop/q_u, 80)
+  ENDIF
+  WAV(ustop/q, 48)
+endphoneme
+
+phoneme ?
+  vls glt stp
+  lengthmod 3
+  ipa ʔ
+  nolink
+  Vowelin  glstop
+  Vowelout glstop
+  WAV(ustop/null)
+endphoneme

phsource/phonemes

@@ -2069,3 +2069,6 @@ phonemetable ms id
 
 phonemetable kaa kk
 include ph_karakalpak
+
+phonemetable ps base1
+include ph_pashto

src/windows/data.vcxproj

@@ -332,6 +332,9 @@
   <Target Name="pl" Inputs="$(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource\pl_rules;$(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource\pl_list" Outputs="$(ProjectDir)..\..\espeak-ng-data\pl_dict" DependsOnTargets="Phonemes">
     <Exec Command="cd $(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource &amp;&amp; $(TargetDir)espeak-ng.exe --path=$(ProjectDir)..\.. --compile=pl" />
   </Target>
+  <Target Name="ps" Inputs="$(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource\ps_rules;$(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource\ps_list" Outputs="$(ProjectDir)..\..\espeak-ng-data\ps_dict" DependsOnTargets="Phonemes">
+    <Exec Command="cd $(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource &amp;&amp; $(TargetDir)espeak-ng.exe --path=$(ProjectDir)..\.. --compile=ps" />
+  </Target>
   <Target Name="pt" Inputs="$(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource\pt_rules;$(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource\pt_list" Outputs="$(ProjectDir)..\..\espeak-ng-data\pt_dict" DependsOnTargets="Phonemes">
     <Exec Command="cd $(ProjectDir)..\..\dictsource &amp;&amp; $(TargetDir)espeak-ng.exe --path=$(ProjectDir)..\.. --compile=pt" />
   </Target>

tests/language-phonemes.test

@@ -155,3 +155,4 @@ test_phwav vi-VN-x-south 292eb169fdbd65bfd6c208d657f33a5b6dd61792 "na Na la ja p
 test_phwav xex b50c3128c2e7e6445345dc62ca3f60ea6fa3e89d "ma na Na pa ta ka ba da ga fa va sa Sa za Za tSa dZa la l^a *a Ra ra r/a wa ja _:_ ma maI maU m&~ m&U~ me meI meU mE me~ mi mi~ mo mo~ moI mu mu~ m@"
 test_phwav yue af260b341089441ab81f2eac8b19895490a81be0 "na Na la ja pa pha fa ta tha ka kha tS;a tS;ha S;a s.a tsa tsha ts.a ts.ha N-a _:_ ma mA mai mAu m@ m@r mE mei mi mi[ mi. miA miAu miE mio miou mo mo- mou mong mu muA mua muai mu@ mei muo my myu my& myE my@ myi _:_ ma11 ma21 ma214 ma22 ma33 ma35 ma44 ma51 ma53 ma55"
 test_phwav yue-Latn-jyutping af260b341089441ab81f2eac8b19895490a81be0 "na Na la ja pa pha fa ta tha ka kha tS;a tS;ha S;a s.a tsa tsha ts.a ts.ha N-a _:_ ma mA mai mAu m@ m@r mE mei mi mi[ mi. miA miAu miE mio miou mo mo- mou mong mu muA mua muai mu@ mei muo my myu my& myE my@ myi _:_ ma11 ma21 ma214 ma22 ma33 ma35 ma44 ma51 ma53 ma55"
+test_phwav ps d2dd8d9e11d4bfd7bb714c24b340bbd110a6a75a "ma na Na pa ta ka ba da ga fa Ta sa Sa xa ha va Da za Za tSa dZa la ra ja wa t2a t#a d#a z#a r-a z/2a w#a m- n- N- _:_ mI mE ma m0 mV mU mi: mA: mO: mu: m3: mA@ mO@ mo@ mU@ mi@3 mIR mVR mi@ me@ mi m@ m3 me# mI# mI2 meI maI mOI moU maU maa mO2 maI@ maI3 maU@"