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docs/phonemes.md: describe phonation in terms of how open/closed the glottis is.
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Reece H. Dunn
8 years ago
1 changed files with 26 additions and 25 deletions
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docs/phonemes.md
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| @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ | |||
| - [Features](#features) | |||
| - [Air Flow](#air-flow) | |||
| - [Initiator](#initiator) | |||
| - [Phonation](#phonation) | |||
| - [Consonants](#consonants) | |||
| - [Voicing](#voicing) | |||
| - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) | |||
| - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) | |||
| - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) | |||
| @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ | |||
| - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) | |||
| - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) | |||
| - [Gemination](#gemination) | |||
| - [Phonation](#phonation) | |||
| - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) | |||
| - [Articulation](#articulation) | |||
| - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation-1) | |||
| - [Precomposed Characters](#precomposed-characters) | |||
| @@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ sections. | |||
| </tr> | |||
| </table> | |||
| Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. | |||
| Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonation. | |||
| ### Consonants (Non-Pulmonic) | |||
| @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. | |||
| <td> </td> | |||
| </tr> | |||
| <tr> | |||
| <th align="right"><code>vcd</code> <code>imp</code></th> | |||
| <th align="right"><code>mdv</code> <code>imp</code></th> | |||
| <td>ɓ</td> | |||
| <td> </td> | |||
| <td> </td> | |||
| @@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. | |||
| | Symbol | Features | | |||
| |--------|-------------------------| | |||
| | ʍ | `vls` `lbv` `apr` | | |||
| | w | `vcd` `lbv` `apr` | | |||
| | ɥ | `vcd` `lbp` `apr` | | |||
| | w | `mdv` `lbv` `apr` | | |||
| | ɥ | `mdv` `lbp` `apr` | | |||
| | ɧ | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | | |||
| ### Vowels | |||
| @@ -439,14 +439,25 @@ phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). | |||
| | `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. | | |||
| | `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. | | |||
| ### Consonants | |||
| #### Phonation | |||
| #### Voicing | |||
| The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----------------| | |||
| | `vcd` | `vcd` | voiced | | |||
| | `vls` | `vls` | voiceless | | |||
| | Feature | Symbol | Name | Description | | |||
| |---------|--------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| | |||
| | `vls` | | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. | | |||
| | `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. | | |||
| | `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. | | |||
| | `mdv` | | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. | | |||
| | `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. | | |||
| | `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. | | |||
| | `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. | | |||
| The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant | |||
| charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `mdv` consonant that does not have an | |||
| equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. | |||
| ### Consonants | |||
| #### Place of Articulation | |||
| @@ -566,23 +577,13 @@ with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a | |||
| geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the | |||
| mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. | |||
| #### Phonation | |||
| #### Fortis and Lenis | |||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | | |||
| |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | |||
| | `brv` | | ◌̤ | breathy voiced | | |||
| | `crv` | | ◌̰ | creaky voiced | | |||
| | `fts` | | ◌͈ | fortis | | |||
| | `lns` | | ◌͉ | lenis | | |||
| The IPA ◌̬ and ◌̥ diacritics (*voiced* and *voiceless*) are used for both | |||
| filling spaces in the IPA consonants chart and making the distinction | |||
| between *fortis* and *lenis* consonants. Cainteoir Text-to-Speech uses `slv` | |||
| (slack voice) and `stv` (stiff voice) for these diacritics. For eSpeak NG, | |||
| these diacritics are only used for controlling their voiced/voiceless | |||
| property (and thus their position on the IPA code chart), so `vls` and `vcd` | |||
| are used for these diacritics. | |||
| The extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup> ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics | |||
| are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than | |||
| the unmodified voiced or voiceless phoneme. This distinction is made by | |||
| @@ -645,7 +646,7 @@ character. | |||
| | Symbol | Features | | |||
| |--------|-------------------------------| | |||
| | ɫ | `vcd` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | | |||
| | ɫ | `mdv` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | | |||
| | ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | |||
| | ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | |||
| @@ -713,7 +714,7 @@ Appendix A of his ASCII/IPA transcription, but are not used in the rest of | |||
| the specification. | |||
| __NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum transcribes ɦ as `h<?>` (`{mrm,glt,frc}`), while | |||
| Wikipedia also lists this as a `{vcd,glt,frc}`<sup>\[<a href="#ref6">6</a>\]</sup>. | |||
| Wikipedia also lists this as a `{mdv,glt,frc}`<sup>\[<a href="#ref6">6</a>\]</sup>. | |||
| This is the only phoneme that Kirshenbaum uses the `mrm` feature for. As such, | |||
| the `mrm` feature is not used within this document. | |||
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