Reece H. Dunn
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docs/phonemes.md
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| # Phonemes | # Phonemes | ||||
| - [Phoneme Transcription Schemes](#phoneme-transcription-schemes) | |||||
| - [Consonants](#consonants) | - [Consonants](#consonants) | ||||
| - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | ||||
| - [Gemination](#gemination) | - [Gemination](#gemination) | ||||
| languages and voices on how to specify phonemes so that the IPA and feature | languages and voices on how to specify phonemes so that the IPA and feature | ||||
| transcriptions are consistent. | transcriptions are consistent. | ||||
| ## Phoneme Transcription Schemes | |||||
| | BCP47 Variant | Abbreviation | Transcription Scheme | Encoding | | |||||
| |---------------------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------| | |||||
| | `foncxs` | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII | | |||||
| | `fonipa` | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode | | |||||
| | [`fonkirsh`](phonemes/kirshenbaum.md) | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | | |||||
| | `fonxsampa` | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | | |||||
| | `fonzsampa` | Z-SAMPA | Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) SAMPA | ASCII | | |||||
| 1. `foncxs`, `fonkirsh`, and `fonzsampa` are private use extensions defined in | |||||
| the [bcp47-extensions](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions) | |||||
| file. | |||||
| ## Consonants | ## Consonants | ||||
| | | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | | | | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | | ||||
| | `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | | | | `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | | | ||||
| | `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ | | | `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ | | ||||
| __NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this | |||||
| distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the | |||||
| above table. | |||||
| ### Other Symbols | ### Other Symbols | ||||
| | Symbol | Features | | | Symbol | Features | | ||||
| | `cnt` | center | `kirshenbaum` | | | `cnt` | center | `kirshenbaum` | | ||||
| | `bck` | back | `kirshenbaum` | | | `bck` | back | `kirshenbaum` | | ||||
| __NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this | |||||
| distinction is not needed to classify these vowels so there are no features | |||||
| for front-central and back-central. The `fnt` and `bck` features are used | |||||
| instead. | |||||
| ### Rounding | ### Rounding | ||||
| | Feature | Name | Origin | | | Feature | Name | Origin | |
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docs/phonemes/kirshenbaum.md
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| # Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) Transcription Scheme | |||||
| - [Phoneme Transcription Schemes](#phoneme-transcription-schemes) | |||||
| - [Consonants](#consonants) | |||||
| - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | |||||
| - [Vowels](#vowels) | |||||
| - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1) | |||||
| - [Diacritics](#diacritics) | |||||
| - [References](#references) | |||||
| ---------- | |||||
| The Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) transcription scheme was created by Evan | |||||
| Kirshenbaum and others between 1991 and 1993 for use in Usenet and e-mail. | |||||
| Since then, the support for Unicode has greatly improved. An ASCII encoding | |||||
| of IPA is still useful as it is often easier to type. | |||||
| The Kirshenbaum transcription scheme defines a set of phoneme features that are | |||||
| described in eSpeak NG in the [phonemes](phonemes.md) document. The `cainteoir` | |||||
| and `espeak-ng` phoneme features defined in that document are not useable in | |||||
| transcriptions using the Kirshenbaum transcription scheme. They are used here | |||||
| where relevant to define the Kirshenbaum phonemes in a consistent way across | |||||
| the different transcription schemes. | |||||
| Broad (phonemic) transcriptions are enclosed in `/` characters (`/p/`), while | |||||
| narrow (phonetic) transcriptions are wrapped in `[` and `]` characters (`[p]`). | |||||
| A phoneme can be transcribed as a named phoneme (`p`), or as a set of features | |||||
| wrapped in `{` and `}` characters (`{vls,blb,stp}`). A feature (typically a | |||||
| diacritic) of a phoneme can be added or modified by wrapping the feature in `<` | |||||
| and `>` characters after the base phoneme (`p<dnt>`). | |||||
| ## Phoneme Transcription Schemes | |||||
| | BCP47 Variant | Abbreviation | Transcription Scheme | Encoding | | |||||
| |----------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------| | |||||
| | `foncxs` | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII | | |||||
| | [`fonipa`](../phonemes.md) | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode | | |||||
| | `fonkirsh` | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | | |||||
| | `fonxsampa` | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | | |||||
| | `fonzsampa` | Z-SAMPA | Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) SAMPA | ASCII | | |||||
| 1. `foncxs`, `fonkirsh`, and `fonzsampa` are private use extensions defined in | |||||
| the [bcp47-extensions](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions) | |||||
| file. | |||||
| ## Consonants | |||||
| | | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | | |||||
| |-----------------------------|----------|----------|-------|----------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|-------|----------|-------|--------| | |||||
| | | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | | |||||
| | `nas` | | `m` | | `M` | | `n[` | | `n` | | | | `n.` | | | | `n^` | | `N` | | `n"` | | | | | | |||||
| | `stp` | `p` | `b` | | | `t[` | `d[` | `t` | `d` | | | `t.` | `d.` | | | `c` | `J` | `k` | `g` | `q` | `G` | | | `?` | | | |||||
| | `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | `s` | `z` | `S` | `Z` | `s.` | `z.` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `frc` | `P` | `B` | `f` | `v` | `T` | `D` | | | | | | | | | `C` | `C<vcd>` | `x` | `Q` | `X` | `g"` | `H` | `H<vcd>` | `h` | `h<?>` | | |||||
| | `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | `s<lat>` | `z<lat>` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `apr` | | | | `r<lbd>` | | `r[` | | `r` | | | | `r.` | | | | `j` | | `j<vel>` | | `g"` | | | | | | |||||
| | `lat` `apr` | | | | | | `l[` | | `l` | | | | `l.` | | | | `l^` | | `L` | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `flp` | | | | | | | | `*` | | | | `*.` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | `*<lat>` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `trl` | | `b<trl>` | | | | | | `r<trl>` | | | | | | | | | | | | `r"` | | | | | | |||||
| | `clk` | `p!` | | | | `t!` | | `c!` | | | | | | | | `c!` | | `k!` | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | `l!` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `imp` | | `` b` `` | | | | `` d` `` | | `` d` `` | | | | | | | | `` J` `` | | `` g` `` | | `` G` `` | | | | | | |||||
| | `ejc` | `` p` `` | | | | `` t[` `` | | `` t` `` | | | | | | | | `` c` `` | | `` k` `` | | `` q` `` | | | | | | | |||||
| | `ejc` `frc` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `lat` `ejc` `frc` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| 1. `h` is transcribed as `{glt,apr}` in ASCII-IPA. It is transcribed as | |||||
| `{glt,frc}` in this document to match the assignment used in the | |||||
| Wikipedia IPA table, and the placement in other documents in eSpeak NG. | |||||
| The IPA chart places them as being `{frc}` or `{apr}`, as does the main | |||||
| Wikipedia page for the `[h]` phoneme. | |||||
| 1. The `` q` `` phoneme is incorrectly placed in the segment table (Appendix D) | |||||
| of the ASCII-IPA document. According to the diacritics list (Appendix C), | |||||
| the `` ` `` character denotes an `{ejc}` phoneme for a `{vls}` base | |||||
| phoneme, not `{imp}` which is used for `{vcd}` base phonemes. The table | |||||
| above uses the correct assignment. | |||||
| 1. The `L` phoneme has an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This document only | |||||
| describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum. | |||||
| ### Other Symbols | |||||
| | | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | | | |||||
| |-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----------|----------|----------|-------| | |||||
| | | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | | |||||
| | `nas` | | | | | | | | | | `n<lbv>` | | | | |||||
| | `stp` | | | | | | | | | `t<lbv>` | `d<lbv>` | | | | |||||
| | `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `vzd` `frc` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| | `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | | | | `w<vls>` | `w` | | |||||
| | `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
| 1. The `w` phoneme is transcribed as being `{vcd,lbv,frc}` or `{lbv,apr}`, and | |||||
| `w<vls>` as `{vls,lbv,frc}` in ASCII-IPA. They are transcribed as | |||||
| `{ptr,vel,apr}` in this document to match their definition as labialized | |||||
| velar approximants in the IPA chart. | |||||
| ## Vowels | |||||
| | | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | | | |||||
| |--------|-------|-------|----------|-------|-------|-------| | |||||
| | | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | | |||||
| | `hgh` | `i` | `y` | `i"` | `u"` | `u-` | `u` | | |||||
| | `smh` | `I` | `I.` | | | | `U` | | |||||
| | `umd` | `e` | `Y` | `@<umd>` | | `o-` | `o` | | |||||
| | `mid` | | | `@` | `@.` | | | | |||||
| | `lmd` | `E` | `W` | `V"` | `O"` | `V` | `O` | | |||||
| | `sml` | `&` | | | | | | | |||||
| | `low` | `a` | `a.` | | | `A` | `A.` | | |||||
| 1. The `&` phoneme is transcribed as being `{low,fnt,unr,vwl}`, and `a` as | |||||
| `{low,cnt,unr,vwl}` in ASCII-IPA. This does not match their placement in | |||||
| the IPA chart according to the Unicode characters those ASCII-IPA | |||||
| phonemes map to. As such, the table above reflects their IPA chart | |||||
| positions. | |||||
| 1. The `&.` phoneme is defined in the segment table (Appendix D) of the | |||||
| ASCII-IPA definition. According to the IPA charts, this is not a valid | |||||
| phoneme. As such, it is not listed in the table above. | |||||
| 1. The `W` and `Y` phonemes have an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This | |||||
| document only describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum. | |||||
| ### Other Symbols | |||||
| | Symbol | Features | | |||||
| |----------|-------------------------------| | |||||
| | `R` | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | |||||
| | `R<umd>` | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | |||||
| 1. The `R<umd>` phoneme is transcribed as being `{umd,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl}` in | |||||
| ASCII-IPA. However, the IPA phoneme it is representing is based on the | |||||
| `{lmd}` vowel. The table above keeps the `<umd>` modifying feature to be | |||||
| compatible with ASCII-IPA, but assigns it to `{lmd}` in this case to be | |||||
| compatible with the IPA chart. | |||||
| 1. The `R` phoneme has an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This document only | |||||
| describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum. | |||||
| ## Diacritics | |||||
| | Symbol | Feature | | |||||
| |--------|---------| | |||||
| | `:` | `{lng}` | | |||||
| | `!` | `{clk}` | | |||||
| | `[` | `{dnt}` | | |||||
| | `;` | `{pzd}` | | |||||
| | `^` | `{pal}` | | |||||
| | `<H>` | `{fzd}` | | |||||
| | `<h>` | `{asp}` | | |||||
| | `<o>` | `{unx}` | | |||||
| | `<r>` | `{rzd}` | | |||||
| | `<w>` | `{ptr}` | | |||||
| | `<?>` | `{brv}` | | |||||
| 1. The `<o>` diacritic has an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This document | |||||
| only describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum. | |||||
| 1. The `{ptr}` (protruded) feature is specified as `{lzd}` (labialized) in | |||||
| ASCII-IPA. | |||||
| 1. The `{brv}` (breathy voice) feature is specified as `{mrm}` (murmured) | |||||
| in ASCII-IPA. | |||||
| The ASCII-IPA transcription scheme defines several diacritics that vary in | |||||
| meaning depending on whether the base phoneme is a vowel or consonant. | |||||
| | Symbol | Vowel | Consonant | | |||||
| |--------|---------|-----------| | |||||
| | `~` | `{nzd}` | `{vzd}` | | |||||
| | `-` | `{unr}` | `{syl}` | | |||||
| | `.` | `{rnd}` | `{rfx}` | | |||||
| | `"` | `{cnt}` | `{uvl}` | | |||||
| The ASCII-IPA transcription scheme defines several diacritics that vary in | |||||
| meaning depending on the voicing of the base phoneme. | |||||
| | Symbol | Voiceless | Voiced | | |||||
| |---------|-----------|---------| | |||||
| | `` ` `` | `{ejc}` | `{imp}` | | |||||
| ## References | |||||
| 1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan, | |||||
| [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 04-01-1993. | |||||
| Updated 30-04-2003. | |||||
| 2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan, | |||||
| [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 22-02-2001. | |||||
| Updated 06-09-2011. |
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