|
|
@@ -88,22 +88,17 @@ the keyword `phoneme` and the phoneme name (this is the name used in |
|
|
|
the pronunciation rules in a language's \*\_rules and \*\_list files), |
|
|
|
and ends with the keyword `endphoneme`. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The phoneme mnemonics are based on the scheme by |
|
|
|
[Evan Kirshenbaum](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) |
|
|
|
which represents International Phonetic Alphabet symbols using ascii |
|
|
|
characters. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phoneme aI |
|
|
|
vowel |
|
|
|
vwl |
|
|
|
starttype #a endtype #i |
|
|
|
length 230 |
|
|
|
FMT(vowels/ai) |
|
|
|
endphoneme |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phoneme s |
|
|
|
vls alv frc sibilant |
|
|
|
vls alv sib frc |
|
|
|
voicingswitch z |
|
|
|
lengthmod 3 |
|
|
|
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 80 |
|
|
@@ -140,12 +135,16 @@ vary the length from the original. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Phoneme Properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Within the phoneme definition the following lines may occur: (`(V)` indicates |
|
|
|
The phoneme features are described in the [Phonemes](phonemes.md) document. These |
|
|
|
should be included within the `phoneme` to fully describe that phoneme. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Within the phoneme definition the following lines may also occur: (`(V)` indicates |
|
|
|
only for vowels, `(C)` only for consonants). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
One of these must be present. |
|
|
|
One of these or a manner of articulation from the [Phonemes](phonemes.md) document |
|
|
|
must be present. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Type | Description | |
|
|
|
|-----------|-------------| |
|
|
@@ -153,8 +152,6 @@ One of these must be present. |
|
|
|
| `liquid` | semi-vowels, such as: `r`, `l`, `j`, `w` | |
|
|
|
| `nasal` | nasal e.g.: `m`, `n`, `N` | |
|
|
|
| `stop` | stop (plosive) e.g.: `p`, `b`, `t`, `d`, `k`, `g` | |
|
|
|
| `frc` | fricative e.g.: `f`, `v`, `T`, `D`, `s`, `z`, `S`, `Z`, `C`, `x` | |
|
|
|
| `afr` | affricate e.g.: `tS`, `dZ` | |
|
|
|
| `pause` | | |
|
|
|
| `stress` | Used for stress symbols, eg: `'` `,` `=` `%` | |
|
|
|
| `virtual` | Used to represent a class of phonemes. | |
|
|
@@ -163,8 +160,6 @@ One of these must be present. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Property | Type | Description | |
|
|
|
|--------------|------|-------------| |
|
|
|
| `vls` | (C) | voiceless e.g. `p`, `t`, `k`, `f`, `s` | |
|
|
|
| `vcd` | (C) | voiced e.g. `b`, `d`, `g`, `v`, `z` | |
|
|
|
| `sibilant` | (C) | e.g.: `s`, `z`, `S`, `Z`, `tS`, `dZ` | |
|
|
|
| `palatal` | (C) | A palatal or palatalized consonant. | |
|
|
|
| `rhotic` | (C) | An `r` type consonant. | |
|
|
@@ -173,23 +168,6 @@ One of these must be present. |
|
|
|
| `nopause` | | Used in a `liquid` or `nasal` phoneme to prevent eSpeak NG inserting a short pause if a word starts with this phoneme and the previous word ends with a vowel. | |
|
|
|
| `trill` | (C) | Apply trill to the voicing. | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Place of Articulation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Articulation | Type | Description | |
|
|
|
|--------------|------|-----------------| |
|
|
|
| `blb` | (C) | bilabial | |
|
|
|
| `ldb` | (C) | labio-dental | |
|
|
|
| `dnt` | (C) | dental | |
|
|
|
| `alv` | (C) | alveolar | |
|
|
|
| `rfx` | (C) | retroflex | |
|
|
|
| `pla` | (C) | palato-alveolar | |
|
|
|
| `pal` | (C) | palatal | |
|
|
|
| `vel` | (C) | velar | |
|
|
|
| `lbv` | (C) | labio-velar | |
|
|
|
| `uvl` | (C) | uvular | |
|
|
|
| `phr` | (C) | pharyngeal | |
|
|
|
| `glt` | (C) | glottal | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### starttype |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
starttype <phoneme> |