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docs/phoneme_model.md: move the manner of articulation details to this document.

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Reece H. Dunn 8 years ago
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# Phoneme Model

- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Initiator](#initiator)
- [Target](#target)
- [Manner](#manner)
- [References](#references)

----------
@@ -24,6 +29,74 @@ how espeak-ng works internally.
__NOTE:__ This model is in the process of being implemented. As such, the
current implementation does not reflect this document.

## Manner of Articulation

The manner of articulation is described in terms of several distinct feature
types. The possible manners of articulation are:

| Manner of Articulation | Feature | Phoneme Model |
|------------------------|-----------|-----------------------|
| nasal | `nas` | `pmc egs nsl occ` |
| plosive (stop) | `stp` | `pmc egs orl occ` |
| affricate | `afr` | `pmc egs orl occ frr` |
| fricative | `frc` | `pmc egs orl frv` |
| tap/flap | `flp` | `pmc egs orl fla` |
| trill | `trl` | `pmc egs orl tri` |
| approximant | `apr` | `pmc egs orl app` |
| click | `clk` | `vlc igs orl` |
| ejective | `ejc` | `vlc igs orl occ` |
| implosive | `imp` | `gtc igs` |
| vowel | `vwl` | `pmc egs orl vow` |

For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for
the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`.

The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features,
while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using
place of articulation features.

Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following
features:

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `lat` | lateral | The air flow is directed along the sides of the tongue. |
| `sib` | sibilant | The air flow is directed through the teeth with the tongue. |

### Air Flow

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `egs` | egressive | The air flow is moving outwards from the initiator to the target. |
| `igs` | ingressive | The air flow is moving inwards from the target to the initiator. |

### Initiator

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `pmc` | pulmonic | The diaphragm and lungs are used to generate the airstream. |
| `gtc` | glottalic | The glottis is used to generate the airstream. |
| `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. |
| `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. |

### Target

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| `nsl` | nasal | The air flows through the nose. |
| `orl` | oral | The air flows through the mouth. |

### Manner

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `occ` | occlusive | The air flow is blocked within the vocal tract. |
| `frv` | fricative | The air flow is constricted, causing turbulence. |
| `fla` | flap | A single tap of the tongue against the secondary articulator. |
| `tri` | trill | A rapid vibration of the primary articulator against the secondary articulator. |
| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |

## References

1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,

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docs/phonemes.md View File

@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@
- [Positioning Diacritics](#positioning-diacritics)
- [Features](#features)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Initiator](#initiator)
- [Target](#target)
- [Manner](#manner)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators)
@@ -483,27 +480,24 @@ diacritics.
The manner of articulation is described in terms of several distinct feature
types. The possible manners of articulation are:

| Manner of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Features |
|------------------------|-----------|--------|-----------------------|
| nasal | `nas` | | `pmc egs nsl occ` |
| plosive (stop) | `stp` | | `pmc egs orl occ` |
| affricate | `afr` | | `pmc egs orl occ frr` |
| fricative | `frc` | | `pmc egs orl frv` |
| tap/flap | `flp` | | `pmc egs orl fla` |
| trill | `trl` | | `pmc egs orl tri` |
| approximant | `apr` | | `pmc egs orl app` |
| click | `clk` | | `vlc igs orl` |
| ejective | `ejc` | | `vlc igs orl occ` |
| implosive | `imp` | ◌ʼ | `gtc igs` |
| vowel | `vwl` | | `pmc egs orl vow` |
| Manner of Articulation | Feature | Symbol |
|------------------------|-----------|--------|
| nasal | `nas` | |
| plosive (stop) | `stp` | |
| affricate | `afr` | |
| fricative | `frc` | |
| tap/flap | `flp` | |
| trill | `trl` | |
| approximant | `apr` | |
| click | `clk` | |
| ejective | `ejc` | |
| implosive | `imp` | ◌ʼ |
| vowel | `vwl` | |

The features for these manners of articulation are provided for convenience,
and to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the
distinct feature types are used.

For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for
the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`.

The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features,
while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using
place of articulation features.
@@ -511,49 +505,22 @@ place of articulation features.
Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following
features:

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `lat` | lateral | The air flow is directed along the sides of the tongue. |
| `sib` | sibilant | The air flow is directed through the teeth with the tongue. |
| Feature | Name |
|---------|----------|
| `lat` | lateral |
| `sib` | sibilant |

#### Air Flow
### Air Flow

| Feature | Symbol | Name | Description |
|---------|--------|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `egs` | ↑ | egressive | The air flow is moving outwards from the initiator to the target. |
| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | The air flow is moving inwards from the target to the initiator. |
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `egs` | ↑ | egressive |
| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive |

The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]</sup>.
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).

#### Initiator

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `pmc` | pulmonic | The diaphragm and lungs are used to generate the airstream. |
| `gtc` | glottalic | The glottis is used to generate the airstream. |
| `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. |
| `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. |

#### Target

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| `nsl` | nasal | The air flows through the nose. |
| `orl` | oral | The air flows through the mouth. |

#### Manner

| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `occ` | occlusive | The air flow is blocked within the vocal tract. |
| `frv` | fricative | The air flow is constricted, causing turbulence. |
| `fla` | flap | A single tap of the tongue against the secondary articulator. |
| `tri` | trill | A rapid vibration of the primary articulator against the secondary articulator. |
| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |

### Phonation

The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.

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