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# X-SAMPA Transcription Scheme |
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- [Phoneme Transcription Schemes](#phoneme-transcription-schemes) |
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- [Consonants](#consonants) |
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) |
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- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) |
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- [Vowels](#vowels) |
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1) |
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- [Diacritics](#diacritics) |
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- [Articulation](#articulation) |
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- [Phonation](#phonation) |
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- [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) |
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- [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) |
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- [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) |
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- [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) |
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- [Tongue Root](#tongue-root) |
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- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals) |
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- [Stress](#stress) |
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- [Length](#length) |
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- [Rhythm](#rhythm) |
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- [Tones](#tones) |
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- [Intonation](#intonation) |
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- [References](#references) |
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---------- |
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The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) |
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transcription scheme was created by John C. Wells in 1995 as an extension to |
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the various language-specific SAMPA phoneme sets available at that time. The |
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intention was to be able to encode the 1993 IPA chart in ASCII, while |
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preserving the scheme already developed by the language-specific phoneme sets |
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where there are no conflicts in the representation of that ASCII character. |
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This document uses a set of phoneme features based on the features originally |
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developed by Evan Kirshenbaum. These features are described in the |
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[phonemes](phonemes.md) document. |
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The `_` character is used as a tie bar to join two phonemes, as well as the |
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first character in several diacritics. It can be used for affricates, double |
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articulations and diphthongs, but can lead to ambiguity with the corresponding |
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diacritic. The X-SAMPA PDF document advises that `_` is only used for |
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affricates and double articulations. In that case, the `_^` non-syllabic marker |
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can be used for the second vowel in diphthongs. |
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The `-` character is described in the PDF version of X-SAMPA to differentiate |
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between affricates, double articulations, and diphthongs such as `ts` and |
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consonant clusters such as `t-s`. |
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## Phoneme Transcription Schemes |
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| BCP47 Variant | Abbreviation | Transcription Scheme | Encoding | |
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|---------------------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------| |
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| `foncxs` | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII | |
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| [`fonipa`](../phonemes.md) | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode | |
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| [`fonkirsh`](phonemes/kirshenbaum.md) | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | |
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| `fonxsampa` | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | |
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| `fonzsampa` | Z-SAMPA | Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) SAMPA | ASCII | |
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1. `foncxs`, `fonkirsh`, and `fonzsampa` are private use extensions defined in |
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the [bcp47-extensions](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions) |
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file. |
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## Consonants |
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| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | |
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|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|-------|------------|-----------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------| |
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| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | |
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| `nas` | | `m` | | `F` | | | | `n` | | | | `` n` `` | | | | `J` | | `N` | | `N\` | | | | | |
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| `stp` | `p` | `b` | | | | | `t` | `d` | | | `` t` `` | `` d` `` | | | `c` | `J\` | `k` | `g` | `q` | `G\` | `>\` | | `?` | | |
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| `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | `s` | `z` | `S` | `Z` | `` s` `` | `` z` `` | `s\` | `z\` | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `frc` | `p\` | `B` | `f` | `v` | `T` | `D` | | | | | | | | | `C` | `j\` | `x` | `G` | `X` | `R` | `X\` | `?\` | `h` | `h\` | |
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| `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | `K` | `K\` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `apr` | | | | `v\` | | | | `r\` | | | | `` r\` `` | | | | `j` | | `M\` | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | | `l` | | | | `` l` `` | | | | `L` | | `L\` | | | | | | | |
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| `flp` | | | | | | | | `4` | | | | `` r` `` | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | `l\` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `trl` | | `B\` | | | | | | `r` | | | | | | | | | | | | `R\` | `H\` | `<\` | | | |
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| `clk` | `O\` | | | | `|\` | | | `!\` | | | | | `=\` | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | | `|\|\` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `imp` | | `b_<` | | | | | | `d_<` | | | | | | | | `J\_<` | | `g_<` | | `G\` | | | | | |
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| `ejc` | `p_>` | | | | | | `t_>` | | | | `` t`_> `` | | | | `c_>` | | `k_>` | | `q_>` | | `>\_>` | | | | |
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| `ejc` `frc` | | | `f_>` | | `T_>` | | `s_>` | | `S_>` | | `` s`_> `` | | | | | | `x_>` | | `X_>` | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `ejc` `frc` | | | | | | | `K_>` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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1. `J\` and `?` are defined in the PDF version of X-SAMPA, but not the HTML |
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version. |
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1. `G\` is only mentioned in the opening description of the HTML version of |
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X-SAMPA, but is defined properly in the PDF version. |
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1. `>\` is defined as an epiglottal plosive in X-SAMPA. In this document it |
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is defined as a pharyngeal plosive to be consistent with the IPA |
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transcription described in the [phonemes](../phonemes.md) document. |
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1. `P` can also be used for the labio-dental approximant `v\`. |
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1. `H\` and `<\` are defined in X-SAMPA as epiglottal fricatives. In this |
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document they are defined as pharyngeal trills to be consistent with |
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the IPA transcription described in the [phonemes](../phonemes.md) |
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document. |
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### Other Symbols |
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| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | | |
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|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| |
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| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | |
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| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `stp` | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `vzd` `frc` | | | | | `x\` | | | | | | | | |
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| `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | `H` | | | `W` | `w` | |
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| `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | `5` | | | | | | | | | |
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1. `5` is supported as an alternative to `l_e` due to its use in some language- |
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specific SAMPA phoneme sets. |
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### Manner of Articulation |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|-----------|--------|-----------| |
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| `ejc` | `_>` | ejective | |
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| `imp` | `_<` | implosive | |
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## Vowels |
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| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | | |
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|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| |
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| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | |
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| `hgh` | `i` | `y` | `1` | `}` | `M` | `u` | |
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| `smh` | `I` | `Y` | | | | `U` | |
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| `umd` | `e` | `2` | `@\` | `8` | `7` | `o` | |
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| `mid` | | | `@` | | | | |
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| `lmd` | `E` | `9` | `3` | `3\` | `V` | `O` | |
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| `sml` | `{` | | `6` | | | | |
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| `low` | `a` | `&` | | | `A` | `Q` | |
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### Other Symbols |
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| Symbol | Features | |
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|----------|-------------------------------| |
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| `` @` `` | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | |
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| `` 3` `` | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | |
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1. `` @` `` and `` 3` `` are not explicitly listed in X-SAMPA. The rhoticized |
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diacritic is specified instead. |
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## Diacritics |
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### Articulation |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------| |
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| `lgl` | `◌_N` | linguolabial | |
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| `idt` | | interdental | |
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| | `◌_d` | dental | |
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| `apc` | `◌_a` | apical | |
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| `lmn` | `◌_m` | laminal | |
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| | `◌_+` | advanced | |
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| | `◌_-` | retracted | |
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| | `◌_"` | centralized | |
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| | | mid-centralized | |
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| | `◌_r` | raised | |
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| | `◌_l` | lowered | |
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The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded |
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using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not |
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using the features of the base phoneme. |
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### Phonation |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------| |
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| `brv` | `◌_t` | breathy voice | |
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| `slv` | `◌_0` | slack voice | |
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| `stv` | `◌_v` | stiff voice | |
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| `crv` | `◌_k` | creaky voice | |
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| `glc` | `?_◌` | glottal closure | |
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The IPA `_0` diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant |
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charts. Thus, when `_0` is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an |
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equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. |
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### Rounding and Labialization |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|------------| |
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| `ptr` | `◌_w` | protruded | |
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| `cmp` | | compressed | |
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1. The `{ptr}` (protruded) feature is described as labialized in X-SAMPA. |
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The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following |
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symbols: |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|--------------| |
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| `mrd` | `◌_O` | more rounded | |
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| `lrd` | `◌_c` | less rounded | |
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### Syllabicity |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------| |
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| `syl` | `◌=` | syllabic | |
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| `nsy` | `◌_^` | non-syllabic | |
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### Consonant Release |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|---------------------------------| |
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| `asp` | `◌_h` | aspirated | |
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| `nrs` | `◌_n` | nasal release | |
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| `lrs` | `◌_l` | lateral release | |
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| `unx` | `◌_}` | no audible release (unexploded) | |
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### Co-articulation |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|---------------|----------------| |
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| `pzd` | `◌'`, `◌_j` | palatalized | |
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| `vzd` | `◌_G`, `◌_e` | velarized | |
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| `fzd` | `◌_?\`, `◌_e` | pharyngealized | |
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| `nzd` | `◌~`, `◌_~` | nasalized | |
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| `rzd` | `` ◌` `` | rhoticized | |
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### Tongue Root |
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The tongue root position can be specified using the following features: |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|-----------------------| |
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| `atr` | `◌_A` | advanced tongue root | |
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| `rtr` | `◌_q` | retracted tongue root | |
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## Suprasegmentals |
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### Stress |
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| Symbol | Name | |
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|--------|------------------| |
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| `"◌` | primary stress | |
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| `%◌` | secondary stress | |
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### Length |
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | |
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|---------|--------|-------------| |
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| `est` | `◌_X` | extra short | |
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| `hlg` | `◌:\` | half-long | |
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| `lng` | `◌:` | long | |
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| `elg` | `◌::` | extra long | |
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1. The `::` symbol for `elg` is not listed in X-SAMPA, but is derived from the |
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transcription for `lng`. |
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### Rhythm |
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| Symbol | Name | |
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|--------|--------------------| |
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| `◌-\◌` | linking (no break) | |
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### Tones |
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| Symbol | Name | |
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|--------|-----------------| |
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| `◌_T` | extra high tone | |
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| `◌_H` | high tone | |
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| `◌_M` | mid tone | |
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| `◌_L` | low tone | |
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| `◌_B` | extra low tone | |
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| `!◌` | downstep | |
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| `^◌` | upstep | |
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X-SAMPA additionally defines various symbols for contour tones that can be |
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defined from the composite tone marks. |
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| Symbol | Composite | Name | |
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|---------|-----------|------------------------| |
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| `◌_R` | `◌_B_T` | rising contour | |
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| `◌_F` | `◌_T_B` | falling contour | |
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| `◌_R_F` | `◌_M_H_M` | rising-falling contour | |
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### Intonation |
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| Symbol | Name | |
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|--------|-----------------| |
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| `<R>` | global rise | |
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| `<F>` | global fall | |
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## References |
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1. <a name="ref1"></a> Wells, John C., |
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[Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm) (HTML). |
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Revised <time datetime="2000-05-03T00:00">2000</time>. |
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2. <a name="ref2"></a> Wells, John C., |
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[Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/ipasam-x.pdf) (PDF). |
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Revised <time datetime="1995-04-28T00:00">1995</time>. |
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3. <a name="ref3"></a> Wells, John C., |
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[SAMPA - computer readable phonetic alphabet](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/index.html). |
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Revised <time datetime="2005-10-25T00:00">2005</time>. |
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Valdis Vitolins
7 years ago