Reece H. Dunn
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docs/languages/gmw/en.md
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| # English | |||
| - [Short Vowels](#short-vowels) | |||
| - [Long Vowels](#long-vowels) | |||
| - [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels) | |||
| - [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels) | |||
| - [Diphthongs](#diphthongs) | |||
| - [Split Vowels](#split-vowels) | |||
| - [Vowels](#vowels) | |||
| - [Short Vowels](#short-vowels) | |||
| - [Long Vowels](#long-vowels) | |||
| - [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels) | |||
| - [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels) | |||
| - [Diphthongs](#diphthongs) | |||
| - [References](#references) | |||
| ---------- | |||
| The following English accents are supported by eSpeak NG and are referenced in | |||
| this document: | |||
| | BCP47 | Abbreviation | Accent Name | | |||
| |----------------|--------------|------------------------| | |||
| | en | | British English | | |||
| | en-029 | | Caribbean | | |||
| | en-GB-scotland | ScE | Scottish English | | |||
| | en-GB-x-gbclan | | Lancastrian | | |||
| | en-GB-x-gbcwmd | | West Midlands | | |||
| | en-GB-x-rp | RP | Received Pronunciation | | |||
| | en-US | GenAm | General American | | |||
| The BCP47 name is the standard language identifier for the accent, used as the | |||
| espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the tables below for the IPA | |||
| transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the eSpeak NG | |||
| phoneme names. | |||
| ## Vowels | |||
| The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical | |||
| Sets<sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\]</sup>. These were created by Wells in 1982 | |||
| by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American | |||
| (GenAm) accents in use at that time. | |||
| The `en` transcriptions listed below are the phonemes used by eSpeak NG to | |||
| transcribe the different lexical sets. | |||
| ## Short Vowels | |||
| ### Short Vowels | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | |||
| |-------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| @@ -29,7 +46,15 @@ transcribe the different lexical sets. | |||
| | STRUT | `V` | ʌ | ʌ | | |||
| | FOOT | `U` | ʊ | ʊ | | |||
| ## Long Vowels | |||
| Additionally, Wells defines the following lexical sets to describe vowels that | |||
| are different in both RP and GenAm: | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | |||
| |-------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| | BATH | `aa` | ɑː | æ | | |||
| | CLOTH | `O2` | ɒ | ɔ | | |||
| ### Long Vowels | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | |||
| |-------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| @@ -38,25 +63,32 @@ transcribe the different lexical sets. | |||
| | THOUGHT | `O:` | ɔː | ɔ | | |||
| | GOOSE | `u:` | uː | u | | |||
| ## Rhotic Vowels | |||
| ### Rhotic Vowels | |||
| These are vowels that are followed by an `r` that is not part of the next syllable | |||
| when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | |||
| |-------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| | NURSE | `3:` | ɜː | ɝ | | |||
| | START | `A@` | ɑː | ɑɹ | | |||
| | NORTH | `O@` | ɔː | ɔɹ | | |||
| | FORCE | `o@` | ɔː | oɹ | | |||
| | CURE | `U@` | ʊə̯ | ʊɹ | | |||
| | NEAR | `i@3` | ɪə̯ | ɪɹ | | |||
| | SQUARE | `e@` | eə̯ | ɛɹ | | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | en-GB-scotland | RP | GenAm | ScE | | |||
| |-------------|-------|----------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| | NURSE | `3:` | `VR` | ɜː | ɝ | ʌɾ | | |||
| | START | `A@` | `A@` | ɑː | ɑɹ | ɐ̟ɾ | | |||
| | NORTH | `O@` | `O@` | ɔː | ɔɹ | ɔɾ | | |||
| | FORCE | `o@` | `o@` | ɔː | oɹ | oɾ | | |||
| | CURE | `U@` | `U@` | ʊə̯ | ʊɹ | ʉɾ | | |||
| | NEAR | `i@3` | `i@3` | ɪə̯ | ɪɹ | iɾ | | |||
| | SQUARE | `e@` | `e@` | eə̯ | ɛɹ | eɾ | | |||
| __NOTE:__ `/i@3/` is used for the NEAR lexical set to differentiate it from | |||
| `/i@/` used in words like `million`. | |||
| ## Reduced Vowels | |||
| Additionally, espeak-ng has the following phonemes for different accents: | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | en-GB-scotland | RP | GenAm | ScE | | |||
| |-------------|-------|----------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| | TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɝ | ɛɾ | | |||
| | BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɝ | ɪɾ | | |||
| ### Reduced Vowels | |||
| These are unstressed vowels that differ from the vowels in the main lexical sets. | |||
| @@ -85,29 +117,22 @@ The RABBIT lexical set is used for unstressed KIT vowels. Some American accents | |||
| have merged this with the COMMA lexical set, such that `rabbit` and `abbot` | |||
| rhyme. | |||
| ## Diphthongs | |||
| ### Diphthongs | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | |||
| |-------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| | FACE | `eI` | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | | |||
| | PRICE | `aI` | aɪ̯ | aɪ̯ | | |||
| | CHOICE | `OI` | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | | |||
| | GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | | |||
| | MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | | |||
| ## Split Vowels | |||
| These are lexical sets defined by John Wells that are merged with other lexical | |||
| sets in both RP and GenAm, so have split from one of those lexical sets and | |||
| merged with the other. | |||
| | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | | |||
| |-------------|-------|-------|-------| | |||
| | BATH | `aa` | ɑː | æ | | |||
| | CLOTH | `O2` | ɒ | ɔ | | |||
| | FACE | `eI` | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | | |||
| | PRICE | `aI` | aɪ̯ | aɪ̯ | | |||
| | CHOICE | `OI` | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | | |||
| | GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | | |||
| | MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | | |||
| ## References | |||
| 1. <a name="ref1"></a> Wikipedia. | |||
| [Lexical set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_set). 2017. | |||
| Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). | |||
| 2. <a name="ref2"></a> Wikipedia. | |||
| [IPA chart for English dialects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects). | |||
| 2018. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). | |||
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