| # Phonemes | # Phonemes | ||||
| - [Consonants (Pulmonic)](#consonants-pulmonic) | |||||
| - [Consonants](#consonants) | |||||
| - [Pulmonic](#pulmonic) | |||||
| - [Non-Pulmonic](#non-pulmonic) | |||||
| - [Voicing](#voicing) | - [Voicing](#voicing) | ||||
| - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) | - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) | ||||
| - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) | - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) | ||||
| - [Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)](#consonants-non-pulmonic) | |||||
| - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) | ||||
| - [Vowels](#vowels) | - [Vowels](#vowels) | ||||
| - [Height](#height) | - [Height](#height) | ||||
| This document describes the IPA phonemes using the features used by Kirshenbaum. | This document describes the IPA phonemes using the features used by Kirshenbaum. | ||||
| ## Consonants (Pulmonic) | |||||
| ## Consonants | |||||
| ### Pulmonic | |||||
| <table> | <table> | ||||
| <tr> | <tr> | ||||
| Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. | Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. | ||||
| ### Non-Pulmonic | |||||
| <table> | |||||
| <tr> | |||||
| <td></td> | |||||
| <th><code>blb</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>lbd</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>dnt</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>alv</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>pla</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>rfx</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>pal</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>vel</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>uvl</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>phr</code></th> | |||||
| <th><code>glt</code></th> | |||||
| </tr> | |||||
| <tr> | |||||
| <th align="right"><code>clk</code></th> | |||||
| <td>ʘ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>ǀ</td> | |||||
| <td>ǃ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>ǂ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| </tr> | |||||
| <tr> | |||||
| <th align="right"><code>lat</code> <code>clk</code></th> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>ǁ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| </tr> | |||||
| <tr> | |||||
| <th align="right"><code>vcd</code> <code>imp</code></th> | |||||
| <td>ɓ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>ɗ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>ʄ</td> | |||||
| <td>ɠ</td> | |||||
| <td>ʛ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| </tr> | |||||
| <tr> | |||||
| <th align="right"><code>ejc</code></th> | |||||
| <td>pʼ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>tʼ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>ʈʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>cʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>kʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>qʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>ʡʼ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| </tr> | |||||
| <tr> | |||||
| <th align="right"><code>ejc</code> <code>frc</code></th> | |||||
| <td>fʼ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>θʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>sʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>ʃʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>ʂʼ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>xʼ</td> | |||||
| <td>χʼ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| </tr> | |||||
| <tr> | |||||
| <th align="right"><code>lat</code> <code>ejc</code> <code>frc</code></th> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td>ɬʼ</td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| <td> </td> | |||||
| </tr> | |||||
| </table> | |||||
| ### Voicing | ### Voicing | ||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | ||||
| | `frc` | `frc` | fricative | | | `frc` | `frc` | fricative | | ||||
| | `apr` | `apr` | approximant | | | `apr` | `apr` | approximant | | ||||
| | `lat` | `lat` | lateral | | | `lat` | `lat` | lateral | | ||||
| ## Consonants (Non-Pulmonic) | |||||
| | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | | |||||
| |---------|-------------|-----------------| | |||||
| | `clk` | `clk` | click | | | `clk` | `clk` | click | | ||||
| | `ejc` | `ejc` | ejective | | | `ejc` | `ejc` | ejective | | ||||
| | `imp` | `imp` | implosive | | | `imp` | `imp` | implosive | |